[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century A.D.](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902) › v2.c35.22 # A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century A.D. v2.c35.22 A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century A.D. v2.c35.22 - **Language:** English ### [v2.c35.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v2.c35.22) The Buddhists—their Analysis and Vindication of Inference :—The Buddhists, however, take their stand on the principle of the Uniformity of Nature (प्रतिबन्ध, स्वभाव प्रतिबन्ध, Nyaya-Vindu). This uniformity, for scientific purposes, has to be divided into two different relations,—(1) the uniformity of succession in the relation of cause and effect, \*e.g.\*, of smoke to fire (कार्यकारणभाव, तदुत्पत्ति, Nyaya-Vindu) ; (2) the uniformity of co-existence (in the form of co-inherence in the same substrate) in the relation of genus and species, e.g., the relation of invariable concomitance expressed in the proposition,—all Sinsapás are trees,—which is not a relation of causality, but of co-existence or co-inherence in the same substrate (i.e., the co-inherence of the generic qualities of a tree with the specific characters of a Sisu tree, in this particular individual before me, a Sisu tree),—a relation which may be termed essential identity (तादात्म्य, स्वभाव—Nyaya-Vindu). To these two, the Buddhists add a third ground of inference, non-perception of the perceptible (अनुपलब्धि, दृश्यानुपलब्धि), which is employed in inferring the absence (प्रतिषेध) of a thing from the non-perception of something else. In all cases of inference based on the Uniformity of Nature, the relation is that of inseparableness or non-disjunction between the mark and the character inferred. The question is—how is this inseparableness (अविनाभाव) ascertained, and what is the warrant of our belief in it, in these cases? - [Previous: v2.c35.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v2.c35.21) - [Next: v2.c35.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v2.c35.23) - [Up: v2.c35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v2.c35) ## Linked texts (1) - [Nyāyabindu](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.sanskrit.darsana.pramana.nyayabindu) — Dharmakīrti, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v2.c35.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v2.c35.22) · Pramāṇa