[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.seal-1915) › c4.s2.3 # The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus c4.s2.3 The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus c4.s2.3 - **Language:** English ### [c4.s2.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.seal-1915.c4.s2.3) | Earth substances: | Heavy, rough, hard, inert, dense, opaque, exciting the sense of smell. | | Ap substances: | Liquid, viscous, cold, soft, slippery, fluid, exciting the sense of taste. | | Tejas substances: | Hot, penetrative, subtle, light, dry, clear, rarefied; and luminous. | | Váyu substances: | Light, cold, dry, transparent, rarefied, impingent. | | Ákása substances: | Imponderable (or light), rarefied, elastic, capable of sound (vibrations). | - [Previous: c4.s2.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.seal-1915.c4.s2.2) - [Next: c4.s2.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.seal-1915.c4.s2.4) - [Up: c4.s2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.seal-1915.c4.s2) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.seal-1915.c4.s2.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.seal-1915.c4.s2.3) · Pramāṇa