[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.seal-1915) › c8.6 # The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus c8.6 The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus c8.6 - **Language:** English ### [c8.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.seal-1915.c8.6) Praśastapâda begins with two great divisions: (1) Ayonija, animals that are a-sexually generated, of small dimensions (क्षुद्रजन्तु); (2) Yonija, sexually generated, \*i.e.\* from the union of a sperm and a germ element. The latter are subdivided into (\*a\*) \*Jarâyuja\*, lit. placentalia, viviparous (no a-placental mammals were known), and (\*b\*) \*Andaja\*, oviparous. Man, the quadrupeds (domesticated and wild), etc., are given as examples of viviparous animals, and birds, \*Sarîsripas\* (reptiles, etc.) of oviparous animals. Udayana in the \*Kiraṇâvalî\* notes that \*Jarâyu\* means the placenta (गर्भवेष्टनचर्म्मपुटकं जरायुः, \*cf.\* Śrîdhara in the \*Kandalî\*, जरायुसिति गर्भाशयस्य अभिधानं तेन वेष्टितं जायते इति जरायुजम्). Udayana adds that the term \*Sarîsripa\* includes insects and fishes as well as reptiles, these being all oviparous (सरीसृपाः परितः प्रसर्पणशीलाः सर्पकीटमत्स्यादयः—पृथिवीनिरूपणम्). - [Previous: c8.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.seal-1915.c8.5) - [Next: c8.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.seal-1915.c8.7) - [Up: c8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.seal-1915.c8) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.seal-1915.c8.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.seal-1915.c8.6) · Pramāṇa