[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.seal-1915) › c8.t5.55 # The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus c8.t5.55 The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus c8.t5.55 - **Language:** English ### [c8.t5.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.seal-1915.c8.t5.55) The Birds proper are divided into four classes :— (1) \*Plavas\*, aquatic or amphibious birds, comprising the Natatores and the Grallatores. Various species are described. (2) \*Viṣkiras\*, those that scatter their food in picking up. (3) \*Pratudas\*, those that pierce or torment their food (fruits or grains). The enumeration of the species under (2) and (3) shows that these two classes included the Passeres (veræ and so-called), the Scansores, the Rasores, and the Columbæ. (4) \*Prasahas\*, birds of prey proper (Raptores). - [Previous: c8.t5.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.seal-1915.c8.t5.54) - [Next: c8.t5.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.seal-1915.c8.t5.56) - [Up: c8.t5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.seal-1915.c8.t5) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.seal-1915.c8.t5.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.seal-1915.c8.t5.55) · Pramāṇa