[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › The Hindu-Arabic Numerals # The Hindu-Arabic Numerals Early Indian numeral forms in inscriptions (Aśoka, Nānāghāṭ, Nasik), origin of zero and place value, transmission through the Arabs to Europe. - **Language:** English - **Authors:** [David Eugene Smith](https://indike.org/pramana/person/smith-de), [Louis Charles Karpinski](https://indike.org/pramana/person/karpinski-lc) - **Extent:** 965 passages, 48,381 words - **Text:** complete digital text - **Source:** archive.org · Boston & London: Ginn 1911; scan on archive.org, OCR Gemini 3.8 Flash; chapters and sections by Gemini 3.8… · Public domain in India: every author died before 1966 (David Eugene Smith †1944; Louis Charles Karpinski… ## Contents - [c1 Front matter](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.smith-karpinski-1911.c1) — 15 parts - [c2 Preface](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.smith-karpinski-1911.c2) — 6 parts - [c3 Contents](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.smith-karpinski-1911.c3) — 1 part - [c4 Pronunciation of Oriental Names](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.smith-karpinski-1911.c4) — 4 parts - [c5 Chapter I. Early Ideas of Their Origin](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.smith-karpinski-1911.c5) — 58 parts - [c6 Chapter II. Early Hindu Forms with No Place Value](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.smith-karpinski-1911.c6) — 138 parts - [c7 Chapter III. Later Hindu Forms, with a Place Value](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.smith-karpinski-1911.c7) — 83 parts - [c8 Chapter IV. The Symbol Zero](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.smith-karpinski-1911.c8) — 73 parts - [c9 Chapter V. The Question of the Introduction of the Numerals into Europe by Boethius](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.smith-karpinski-1911.c9) — 159 parts - [c10 Chapter VI. The Development of the Numerals Among the Arabs](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.smith-karpinski-1911.c10) — 46 parts - [c11 Chapter VII. The Definite Introduction of the Numerals into Europe](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.smith-karpinski-1911.c11) — 167 parts - [c12 Chapter VIII. The Spread of the Numerals in Europe](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.smith-karpinski-1911.c12) — 151 parts - [c13 Index](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.smith-karpinski-1911.c13) — 64 parts --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.smith-karpinski-1911](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.smith-karpinski-1911) · Pramāṇa