[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [Vada in Theory and Practice: Studies in Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Discourses](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021) › c6.s5.2 # Vada in Theory and Practice: Studies in Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Discourses c6.s5.2 Vāda in Theory and Practice: Studies in Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Discourses c6.s5.2 - **Language:** English ### [c6.s5.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c6.s5.2) The essence of philosophical thought under diverse schools was put in the texts comprising the Sūtras. The word heterodox is an English equivalent of the term \*nāstika\* and has been used in a wider sense not only to denote śramaṇa and Jaina traditions alone, but also all \*nāstika\* (non-orthodox, not subscribing to the final authority of the Veda or Śruti) systems. - [Previous: c6.s5.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c6.s5.1) - [Next: c6.s5.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c6.s5.3) - [Up: c6.s5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c6.s5) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c6.s5.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c6.s5.2) · Pramāṇa