[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [Vada in Theory and Practice: Studies in Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Discourses](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021) › c7.s1.3 # Vada in Theory and Practice: Studies in Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Discourses c7.s1.3 Vāda in Theory and Practice: Studies in Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Discourses c7.s1.3 - **Language:** English ### [c7.s1.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c7.s1.3) The knowledge arising out of sense contact with an object, and which is determinate, unnamable and non-erratic, is \*pratyakṣa\* (perception). Inference is knowledge preceded by perception and is of three kinds — \*pūrvavat\* (a priori), \*śeṣavat\* (a posteriori) and \*sāmānyatodṛṣṭa\* (commonly seen). A discourse from an authentic source is \*śabda\* (scriptural authority). Knowledge of an object through similarity is \*upamāna\* (analogue).⁸ - [Previous: c7.s1.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c7.s1.2) - [Next: c7.s1.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c7.s1.4) - [Up: c7.s1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c7.s1) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c7.s1.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c7.s1.3) · Pramāṇa