[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [Vada in Theory and Practice: Studies in Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Discourses](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021) › c7.s2.21 # Vada in Theory and Practice: Studies in Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Discourses c7.s2.21 Vāda in Theory and Practice: Studies in Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Discourses c7.s2.21 - **Language:** English ### [c7.s2.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c7.s2.21) Caraka has added two more categories — \*sthāpanā\* and \*pratiṣṭhāpanā\* — after \*pratijñā\* (proposition). The statement of probandum is \*pratijñā\*. \*Sthāpanā\* involves the other four categories of the five-member syllogism for substantiating the \*pratijñā\*. \*Pratiṣṭhāpanā\* is the counter-proposition reversing the proposition of the opponent. Caraka has reformulated the concept of \*hetu\* (probans). That which leads to the attainment of the probandum is \*hetu\*, and it is a resultant of four \*pramāṇas\* — \*pratyakṣa\*, \*anumāna\*, \*aitihya\* and \*upamāna\*.⁵¹ There is slight difference in his concept of \*dṛṣṭānta\*, \*upanaya\* and \*nigamana\* also. A \*dṛṣṭānta\* should be intelligible to fools and scholars alike, and \*upanaya\* as well as \*nigamana\* are to be seen in the context of \*sthāpanā\* and \*pratiṣṭhāpanā\*.⁵² \*Uttara\* is a rejoinder. If the proponent explains \*hetu\* on the basis of similarities, the opponent would explain the same on the basis of dissimilarities. For example, if a patient is suffering from \*śītavyādhi\* (flu), the proponent would say that the causes of this disease are contact with chill air in winter. The opponent would reply — the same causes, i.e. the contact with chill air, etc. would function as favourable when one is suffering from heat.⁵³ In Gautama’s system, this category is incorporated in the treatment on \*jāti\*. - [Previous: c7.s2.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c7.s2.20) - [Next: c7.s2.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c7.s2.22) - [Up: c7.s2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c7.s2) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c7.s2.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c7.s2.21) · Pramāṇa