[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [Vada in Theory and Practice: Studies in Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Discourses](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021) › c8.s3.1 # Vada in Theory and Practice: Studies in Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Discourses c8.s3.1 Vāda in Theory and Practice: Studies in Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Discourses c8.s3.1 - **Language:** English ### [c8.s3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s3.1) Cārvāka “may possibly be characterized as primitive proto-materialism”.⁸ It is the oldest philosophical school in India. It has been a challenge to rest of all philosophical systems emerged during the past three millennia. The philosophy of materialism is discussed in the Upaniṣads. \*Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad\* (IV.12) says: - [Previous: c8.s2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s2.1) - [Next: c8.s3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s3.2) - [Up: c8.s3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s3) ## Linked texts (1) - [Bṛhadāraṇyakopaniṣad](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.brhadaranyaka) — Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s3.1) · Pramāṇa