[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [Vada in Theory and Practice: Studies in Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Discourses](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021) › c8.s3.5 # Vada in Theory and Practice: Studies in Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Discourses c8.s3.5 Vāda in Theory and Practice: Studies in Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Discourses c8.s3.5 - **Language:** English ### [c8.s3.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s3.5) In fact, Cārvāka is not a single and unified philosophical school. Various groups of Cārvākas have been flourishing in different periods of the history of Indian philosophy for the past two/three millennia. The materialist is one of them. Kṛṣṇa Miśra in his play \*Prabodhacandrodaya\* presents the materialist Cārvāka's view in a precise way. Accordingly, perception is the only valid means of knowledge; there are four elements — earth, fire, air and water; and consciousness is indivisible with the body. There was another group of Cārvākas that accepted inference also as the second means of knowledge or \*pramāṇa\*. Sāṁkhya and Vaiśeṣika were also categorized as Cārvākas. The Ājīvaka sect formed one of the strongest of Cārvāka groups (see Chap. 2). - [Previous: c8.s3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s3.4) - [Next: c8.s3.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s3.6) - [Up: c8.s3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s3) ## Linked texts (1) - [Prabodhacandrodaya](https://indike.org/pramana/in.lit.plays.allegorical.prabodhacandrodaya) — Kṛṣṇamiśra, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s3.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s3.5) · Pramāṇa