[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [Vada in Theory and Practice: Studies in Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Discourses](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021) › c8.s5.25 # Vada in Theory and Practice: Studies in Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Discourses c8.s5.25 Vāda in Theory and Practice: Studies in Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Discourses c8.s5.25 - **Language:** English ### [c8.s5.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s5.25) The concepts of \*pratītyasamutpāda\* (dependent origination) and \*kṣaṇabhaṅga\* (momentariness) stand in a sharp contrast to the absolutism of Vedānta on one hand and the idea of synthetic principles of \*dravya\* (substance) and \*jāti\* (universal) in Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika systems on the other. There is no place for a permanent and abiding substance in Buddhist world-view, where only reality is \*svalakṣaṇa\* (point instant). The Buddhists deny the status of reality to \*jāti\* (universal or generality) of Nyāya, for them any universal is a \*vikalpa\* (logical construct) only, comprised in the exclusion of a common counter-correlate. “A universal is in its very essence the exclusion of the other”, says Dharmakīrti in \*Pramāṇavārtika\* (\*sāmānyaṁ anyavyāvṛttilakṣaṇaṁ\* — III.30). Kumārila had attacked the very foundation of Nāgārjuna’s philosophy and questioned the validity of grading the truth — \*saṁvṛti satya\* and \*paramārtha-satya\*. But to the Mādhyamika all phenomena remain indeterminate and indefinable. - [Previous: c8.s5.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s5.24) - [Next: c8.s5.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s5.26) - [Up: c8.s5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s5) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s5.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s5.25) · Pramāṇa