[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [Vada in Theory and Practice: Studies in Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Discourses](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021) › c8.s5.27 # Vada in Theory and Practice: Studies in Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Discourses c8.s5.27 Vāda in Theory and Practice: Studies in Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Discourses c8.s5.27 - **Language:** English ### [c8.s5.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s5.27) The categories mentioned by Gautama in his \*Nyāyasūtra\* and by Kaṇāda in his \*Vaiśeṣikasūtra\* form the idea of reality in both these schools. They are not ideal constructs. Vaiśeṣika's conceptual framework for reality is comprised of six categories — \*dravya\* (substance), \*guṇa\* (quality), \*karma\* (action), \*sāmānya\* (generality), \*viśeṣa\* (particularity) and \*samavāya\* (inherence). Later philosophers, i.e. Śivāditya, Śrīdhara, Udayana, etc. accepted the seventh additional category — \*abhāva\* (non-existence) — also. Śivāditya Miśra wrote a treatise — \*Saptapadārthī\* — on seven categories, where he firmly stood for accepting negation as the seventh category. The perception of reality undergoes a change with the introduction of \*abhāva\* as the seventh category, and the reality assumes a pluralistic dimension. Naiyāyika's concept of Reality is comprised in the gamut of sixteen categories mentioned earlier (see Chap. 1). - [Previous: c8.s5.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s5.26) - [Next: c8.s5.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s5.28) - [Up: c8.s5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s5) ## Cites (3) - [Nyāyasūtra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.pracina.nyayasutra) — Akṣapāda Gautama, Sanskrit - [Vaiśeṣikasūtra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.vaisesika.vaisesikasutra) — Kaṇāda, Sanskrit - [Saptapadārthī](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.vaisesika.prakarana.saptapadarthi) — Yaśasvatsāgara 1675, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s5.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.tripathi-2021.c8.s5.27) · Pramāṇa