Shringaraprakasha 7.p1.1

7.p1.1

saptamaḥ kevalaśabdasambandhaśaktiprakāśaḥ 7.1. tatrābhidhāvivakṣātātparyapravibhāgavyapekṣāsāmathyānvayaikārthībhāvadoṣahānaguṇopādānālaṅkārarasāviyogarūpāḥ śabdārthayordvādaśa samarthaḥ sāhityamityucyate | keṣu śabdas.yārthābhidhāyinī śaktirabhidhā | tayā svarūpa ivābhidheye pravartamānaḥ śabdo vṛttitrayeṇa vartate, tāśraca mukhyā gauṇī lakṣaṇeti tistrāḥ | tatra sākṣādavyavahitārathābhidhāyikā mukhyā | gamyamānaśairyādiguṇayogavyavahitārthā gauṇi | svārthāvinābhūtārthāntaropalakṣaṇā tu lakṣaṇeti | tathāhi ; gaurityayaṃ sabdo mukhayāyā vṛttyā sāsnādimantamarthaṃ pratipādayati, saeva tuṣṭhanmutratādiguṇasampadamapekṣamāṇo yadā bāhvike vartate tadā gauṇīṃ vṛttimanuvadati | tadāha, rūḍhyā yatra sadarthoṃ'pi loke śabdo niveśitaḥ | sa mukhyastatra tatsāmyādrgauṇo'nyatra skhasadgitiḥ || yadā tu śabdāḥ svārthataḥ kriyāsiddhau sādhanabhāvaṃ gantumasarthastadābhidheyāvinābhūtamarthāntaraṃ lakṣayati | tadā sā ca lakṣaṇā vṛttiḥ | yathā gaṅgāyāṃ ghoṣaḥ prativasanakriyāyā adhikaraṇabhāvaṃ gantumasamarthaḥsvārthāvinābhūtaṃ taṭaṃ lakṣayati | taduktam --- abhidheyāvinābhūtapratītirlakṣaṇeti yā | saiṣā vidagdhavakroktijīvitaṃ vṛttiripyate ||pratyokaṃ caitāstistre'pi dvidhābhūya pṛthak ṣoḍhā bhidyante | tatra mukhyā dvidhā, tathābhūtārthā, tadbhāvāpattiśca | tayoḥ tathābhūtārthā ṣoḍhā,jātiviṣayā, vyaktiviṣayā, ākṛtiviṣayā, guṇaviṣayā, kriyāviṣayā, saṃbandhaviṣayā ceti | tatra gauraśaavaḥ puruṣo brāhmaṇo ityādirjātiviṣayā, yathā--- prasannāḥ kāntiharāriṇyo nānāśleṣavicakṣaṇāḥ |

Seventh Illumination: The Power of the Relation of Linguistic Sound Alone (7.1). There, the twelve capacities belonging to linguistic sound and meaning—consisting of denotative capacity, speaker's intention, purport, division, mutual expectancy, semantic compatibility, syntactic connection, integration of meaning, avoidance of poetic faults, adoption of poetic qualities, poetic ornaments, and non-separation from aesthetic relish—are called literary conjunction. Among them, the power of linguistic sound that denotes meaning is denotative capacity. Operating through it upon the expressible meaning as if upon its own form, linguistic sound functions through three semantic operations; and they are three: primary, secondary, and figurative. Among them, the primary is that which denotes an immediate, unmediated meaning. The secondary is that whose meaning is mediated by a connection with qualities such as heroism that are being inferred. But the figurative is that which indirectly indicates another meaning invariably connected with its own meaning. To explain: this linguistic sound 'cow' conveys by its primary operation an entity possessing a dewlap and so forth; but that very same [sound], when it operates upon a Bahīka person while expecting an abundance of qualities such as indolence and dullness, then repeats the secondary operation. Hence he says: / 'Where a word is applied by convention in worldly usage even to an existing thing, / it is primary in that sense; elsewhere, through resemblance to that, it is secondary, moving smoothly.' / But when words, on account of their own primary meaning, are incapable of becoming an instrument in the accomplishment of an action, then they figuratively indicate another meaning invariably connected with the expressible meaning. Then that is the figurative operation. For example, 'a settlement on the Gaṅgā,' being incapable of becoming the locus of the action of living, figuratively indicates the bank invariably connected with its own primary meaning. Thus it is said: / 'That which is the comprehension of another meaning invariably connected with the expressible, / this very operation is accepted as the life of witty and crooked speech.' / And each of these three, being twofold, is divided separately into six kinds. Among them, the primary is twofold: referring to the real thing as it is, and the assumption of its nature. Between these two, that which refers to the real thing as it is is of six kinds: having as its object a universal, an individual, a bodily configuration, a quality, an action, and a relation. Among them, words such as 'cow', 'horse', 'man', 'brahmin' have a universal as their object, as in: / 'Clear, captivating, clever in diverse puns...'