འཕགས་མ་ར་ཁྲད་ལ་མ་གྱན་པའ་གཟངས intro.7

intro.7

None of the instances of the text in the Kangyur include a translators colophon, but in the Tengyur the colophon to Toh 3361 identifies it as having been translated by the paṇḍita Amoghavajra and Khampa Lotsāwa Bari Chödrak (ca. eleventh century), and the Tengyur catalog lists it among the collection of sādhanas compiled by this pair;⁵ while Toh 3540 is listed among the sādhanas compiled by Jetsün Drakpa Gyaltsen (1147–1216), third of the five great Sakya forefathers.⁶ However, the version of The Dhāraṇī of Parṇaśavarī found in the Kangyur almost certainly predates these collections significantly, since its inclusion in the Denkarma catalog indicates that it had been translated into Tibetan by the early ninth century.⁷ The dhāraṇī was translated into Chinese twice, once by Amoghavajra (705–74)⁸ and again by Faxian (ca. tenth century).⁹ From Amoghavajra’s Chinese translation we can be confident that the dhāraṇī was circulating in India at least as early as the eighth century.