འཕགས་པ་ཁྱའ་སྣང་བ་བསམ་གྱས་མ་ཁྱབ་པས་བསྟན་པ་ཞས་བྱ་བའ་ཆས་ཀྱ་རྣམ་གྲངས intro.10

intro.10

The Tibetan canonical version of the sūtra, translated by the Indian paṇḍita Surendrabodhi and the Tibetan translator Yeshé Dé (ye shes sde), has come down to us in two generally homologous recensions, one titled ’phags pa khye’u snang ba bsam gyis mi khyab pas bstan pa zhes bya ba’i chos kyi rnam grangs, and the other ’phags pa snang ba bsam gyi mi khyab pa bstan pa zhes bya ba’i chos kyi rnam grangs.¹ Though this translation is not listed in the imperial period Tibetan catalogs, Surendrabodhi and Yeshé Dé were frequent collaborators on translations recorded therein, so we can reasonably date their translation to the early ninth century.² The English translation presented here is based on a comparison of several versions of the canonical Tibetan translation representing both the Tshalpa (tshal pa) and Thempangma (them spangs ma) recension groups, with the Degé version taken as the primary witness. Substantial variation between the versions was minimal, and such instances have been noted below.