འཕགས་པ་བད་སའ་རྒྱལ་པ་འཆར་བྱད་ཀྱས་ཞས་པ་ཞས་བྱ་བའ་ལའ intro.7

intro.7

King Udayana of Vatsa’s Questions is included in all extant versions of the Kangyur as the 29th member of the Ratnakūṭa, or Heap of Jewels, section. All versions agree that it was translated from Sanskrit into Tibetan by the Indian scholars Jinamitra and Surendrabodhi along with the Tibetan translator-editor Yeshé Dé, all of whom were prolific in their translation activity. Given this translation team, along with the fact that it is included in both the Phangthangma and Denkarma⁸ imperial catalogs, we can be confident that this work was translated into Tibetan between the late eighth and early ninth centuries. The work was also translated into Chinese on three different occasions: between 290–306 ce by Faju, in 706 ce by Bodhiruci, and in 984 ce by Fatian. The present translation is based on the Degé Kangyur with reference to variant readings recorded in the Pedurma comparative edition and Stok Palace edition, as well as the Sanskrit excerpts in the Śikṣāsamuccaya.