འཕགས་པ་དགངས་པ་ངས་པར་འགྲལ་པ་ཞས་བྱ་བ་ཐག་པ་ཆན་པའ་མད 102

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should be known. Therefore, through these five characteristics, the logical reasoning of investigation is thoroughly pure; because it is thoroughly pure, it should be relied upon.

"Bhagavān, through how many characteristics is an omniscient one understood?"

"Mañjuśrī, through five. When anyone appears, the renown resounds throughout the world that they are omniscient; they possess the thirty-two marks of a great person; with the ten powers, they sever all doubts of all sentient beings; when they teach the Dharma with the four fearlessnesses, their words cannot be challenged or refuted by any opponents; and in whose Dharma and vinaya the noble eightfold path appears and the four śramaṇas appear. Thus, through appearance, marks, severing doubt, being unchallengeable and unrefutable, and the apprehension of śramaṇas, the five characteristics of an omniscient one should be known. Thus, that logical reasoning establishing validity is thoroughly pure through the five characteristics of valid direct perception, valid inference, and valid trustworthy scripture.

"What are the seven characteristics of the thoroughly impure? They are: the characteristic of observing agreement with what is other than that; the characteristic of observing disagreement with what is other than that; the characteristic of observing universal agreement; the characteristic of observing universal disagreement; the characteristic of applying an example of an alien class; the characteristic of being unestablished; and the characteristic of teaching completely impure scripture. Therein, whatever is the fact that all dharmas are cognizable by mental consciousness is the characteristic of observing universal agreement. Whatever is the certitude of mutual discordance among characteristics—by means of any discordant characteristic among marks, essential nature, activity, dharmas, cause, and effect—that is the characteristic of observing universal discordance