仁王經疏 3.178

3.178

釋曰：第二、離過。有其四重：一不起五逆，所謂殺父母、羅漢、出佛身血、破和合僧。二不起六重，如《優婆塞經》第四卷〈受戒品〉說，一殺生、二偷盜、三婬蕩、四妄語、五沽酒、六謗說在家出家四眾過失。廣說如彼（餘經或說四重、八重。四重者，一貪嫉、二慳、三嗔、四謗三寶藏。言八重者，即菩薩八重，前四重上加僧四重，即名八重。言十重者，前六重上加貪等四，名為十重。今此說六，犯即失戒法，名為重法。過中極重，名為重也）。三者不起二十八輕，亦如《優婆塞經．受戒品》說，一不供養父母師長；二耽樂飲酒；三污惡不能瞻視病苦；四見有乞者不能多少隨宜，而與空遣還者；五若見比丘比丘尼、長老先宿、諸優婆塞優婆夷等，不起奉迎禮拜問訊；六若見比丘比丘尼、優婆塞優婆夷毀所受戒，心生憍慢，言我勝彼、彼不如我；七月月之中不能六日受持八戒、供養三寶；八四十里中有講法處不能往聽；九受招提僧眾具床座；十疑水有虫故便飲之；十一險難之處無伴獨行；十二獨宿尼寺；十三為於財命打罵奴婢童僕外人；十四若以殘食施於比丘比丘尼優婆塞優婆夷；十五若畜猫狸；十六畜養象馬牛羊駝驢，一切畜獸不作淨，施未受戒者；十七若不貯畜僧伽梨衣鉢盂錫杖；十八若為身命須田作者，不求淨水及陸種處；十九為於身命，若作市易斗稱賣物，一說價已不得前卻捨賤趣貴，斗稱量物仕前互用，如其不平應語令平；二十若於非處非時行欲；二十一齎估反賣，不輸官稅盜弄去者；二十二若犯國制；二十三若得新穀菓苽菜茹，不先奉獻師供養三寶，先自受用者；二十四僧若不聽說法讚歎，輒自作者；二十五道路若在諸比丘前、沙彌前行；二十六僧中付食，若偏為師選擇美好、過分與者；二十七若養蠶者；二十八行路之時遇見病者，不住瞻視為作方便、付屬所在而捨去者。四不起諦法，謂定位者不謗佛法，經書言非佛說。

Explanation: Second is the departure from faults. There are four levels: 1. Not giving rise to the five unpardonable offenses, namely killing father, killing mother, killing an arhat, shedding the blood of a buddha, and causing schism in the Saṃgha. 2. Not giving rise to the six grave offenses, as stated in the fourth fascicle of the Upāsaka-śīla-sūtra, the "Chapter on Receiving Precepts": first, killing living beings; second, stealing; third, sexual misconduct; fourth, lying; fifth, selling liquor; sixth, slandering and speaking of the faults of the four assemblies, lay and ordained. This is fully explained there. (Other sūtras also speak of four graves or eight graves. The four graves are: first, greed and jealousy; second, stinginess; third, anger; fourth, slandering the repository of the Three Jewels. The eight graves are the eight graves of a bodhisattva, adding the monastic four graves on top of the previous four graves, which are then called the eight graves. The ten graves add the four such as greed on top of the previous six graves, which are called the ten graves. Here six are spoken of: committing them entails the loss of the precepts, and they are called grave dharmas; being the most grave among faults, they are called "grave"). 3. Not giving rise to the twenty-eight minor offenses, also as stated in the "Chapter on Receiving Precepts" of the Upāsaka-śīla-sūtra: 1. Not making offerings to parents, teachers, and elders; 2. Indulging in drinking alcohol; 3. Failing to look after those suffering from illness because of foul impurity; 4. Seeing a beggar and failing to give according to one's ability, sending them away empty-handed; 5. Seeing bhikṣus, bhikṣuṇīs, elders of long standing, upāsakas, and upāsikās, failing to rise to welcome them, pay homage, and inquire after them; 6. Seeing a bhikṣu, bhikṣuṇī, upāsaka, or upāsikā break their received precepts, giving rise to arrogance in one's mind, thinking 'I am superior to them, they are inferior to me'; 7. Failing to observe the eight precepts and make offerings to the Three Jewels on six days every month; 8. Within forty li, there being a place where the Dharma is explained, failing to go and listen; 9. Using the bedding and seats of the monastic community of the four quarters; 10. Suspecting there are worms in water yet drinking it; 11. Traveling alone without a companion in dangerous and difficult places; 12. Staying overnight alone in a nunnery; 13. Striking or scolding male or female servants, young attendants, or outsiders for the sake of wealth or life; 14. Giving leftover food to a bhikṣu, bhikṣuṇī, upāsaka, or upāsikā; 15. Keeping domestic cats or badgers; 16. Raising elephants, horses, cattle, sheep, camels, or donkeys, without purifying any of the domestic animals and giving them away to unordained people; 17. Failing to store and keep the saṃghāṭī robe, alms bowl, and monk's staff; 18. If cultivating fields for the sake of livelihood, failing to seek clean water and arable land; 19. If trading with bushels and scales for livelihood, once a price is set, not being fickle by abandoning the cheap to chase the expensive, or using uneven bushels and scales before customers, and if uneven, failing to correct them to be even; 20. Engaging in sexual misconduct at improper places or improper times; 21. Carrying commodities to resell without paying government taxes and fraudulently avoiding them; 22. Violating the laws of the state; 23. Obtaining new grains, fruits, melons, or vegetables, and consuming them oneself before offering them to one's teacher and the Three Jewels; 24. Preaching the Dharma and uttering praises without permission from the Saṃgha; 25. Walking ahead of bhikṣus or śrāmaṇeras on the road; 26. When distributing food in the Saṃgha, unfairly selecting the best food for one's teacher and giving excessively; 27. Raising silkworms; 28. When encountering a sick person while traveling on the road, failing to stop, care for them, make skillful arrangements, and entrust them to someone, instead abandoning them and departing. 4. Not giving rise to [slander of] the true Dharma: this means that those who have reached the determined stage do not slander the Buddha's teachings, claiming that the sūtras and treatises are not spoken by the Buddha.