仁王護國般若波羅蜜多經疏 1.62

1.62

言王舍城鷲峯山中者，第五處成，無非處失。遊化居止，目之為住。《佛地論》云「若不說處及能說者，不知此法何處誰說，一切生疑，故須具說。」文分為二：先城、後山。摩措陀者，此云善勝，又云無惱害。又摩伽，星名，此云不惡。陀者，處也，名不惡處，亦名星處國。舊云摩伽陀、摩揭提、默偈陀，皆訛也，是其國號。曷羅闍姞利四城者，此云王舍，即其城名。《婆沙》三釋：婆藪王子初共人民造舍而居，為鬼神壞，唯留王舍，如是至七。太子教言：「但更造舍，悉題王舍。」由題字故遂得不毀，因此立名為王舍城。又云：輪王出世相承住此，故名王舍。又云：四天王等與阿修羅共鑽乳海遂得甘露，於此山中起舍而住，七日守之然後乃分，因此立名為王舍城。《智論》第三亦有三釋：摩伽陀王初生一子，一頭兩面而有四臂，後大成人力并諸國，取諸國王萬八千人置此五山中，以大力勢治閻浮提，因名此山為王舍城。又云：摩伽陀王先所住城中失火，一燒一作如是至七。王求住處，見此五山周匝如城，即作宮殿於山中住，以是故名王舍城也。又云：往古世時，此國有王名曰婆藪，厭世出家身作仙人。子名廣車嗣位為王，如是思惟別求住處。後因出獵，遇見五山周匝峻固種種嚴好，即捨本城於中居住，名王舍城。廣如彼論。《西域記》云「矩奢揭羅補羅城，唐言上茅城，摩揭陀國之正中也。古先君王所居之處，多出勝上吉祥茅草，因以為名。崇山四周以為外郭，西通狹徑、北闢山門，東西長、南北狹，周一百五十里，內宮子城周三十餘里。羯尼迦樹遍諸道路，花含殊馥色爛黃金，暮春之月林皆金色。頻毘娑羅王都上茅城，編戶之家頻遭火害，一家縱逸四隣罹災，防火不暇資產廢業，眾庶嗟怨不安其居。王曰：『我以不德，下人罹患。修何德行可以攘災？』群臣對曰：『大王德化政教明察，庶人不謹致此火炎，宜制嚴科以清後犯。若有火起，窮究先發罸其首惡，遷之寒林同夫棄屍。當自謹護。』王曰：『言善。宜遍宣告。』居頃之間，王宮失火，謂諸臣曰：『我自遷矣。』乃命太子監攝怨事，欲清國憲故遷居焉。時吠舍釐王聞頻毘娑羅王野處寒林，戒弉欲襲。邊候聞命乃建色城，以王先舍稱王舍城。有云：至未生怨王嗣位已後，方築此城更為高厚。至無憂王遷都波吒釐城，以王舍城施婆羅門。然王舍城，外郭已壞無復遺堵，內城雖毀基趾猶峻，周二十餘里面有一門。今故城中無復凡庶，唯婆羅門減千家耳。」

Regarding the words "in Rājagṛha, on Mount Gṛdhrakūṭa": this is the fifth, the perfection of place, free from the fault of an inappropriate place. Roaming, converting, and residing are termed "dwelling". The Buddhabhūmi-vyākhyāna says: "If the place and the speaker were not mentioned, one would not know where and by whom this Dharma was spoken, and everyone would give rise to doubt; therefore it must be fully stated." The text is divided into two: first the city, and second the mountain. Magadha (Mocuotuo) is translated here as "Superior Excellence", and also as "Free from Harm". Furthermore, maghā is the name of a constellation, translated here as "Not Evil". Dha means "place"; thus it is called "the Place Not Evil", and also called "the Land of the Constellation Place". In older renderings it was called Magadha (Mojiaduo), Magadha (Mojieti), or Magadha (Moqueduo), which were all corruptions; this is the name of the country. The city of Rājagṛha (Héluóshéjílìsì): this is translated as "King's House", which is the name of the city. The *Vibhāṣā* gives three explanations: [1] Prince Vasu initially built houses and lived there together with the people, but they were destroyed by spirits, leaving only the king's house, and this happened up to seven times. The prince instructed them: "Just build houses again, and inscribe 'King's House' on all of them." Because of inscribing these characters, they were not destroyed; hence it was named the City of the King's House (Rājagṛha). [2] It also says: Cakravartins appearing in the world successively resided here; hence it is named the King's House. [3] It also says: The Four Heavenly Kings and others churned the ocean of milk together with the asuras and obtained amṛta; they built houses and dwelt in this mountain, guarding it for seven days before dividing it; hence it was named the City of the King's House. The third fascicle of the *Dazhidulun* also has three explanations: [1] The king of Magadha first gave birth to a son who had one head, two faces, and four arms. When he grew up, his power annexed all the states; he took eighteen thousand kings and placed them in these five mountains, ruling Jambudvīpa with great power; thus these mountains were named Rājagṛha. [2] It also says: Fires broke out repeatedly in the city where the king of Magadha formerly resided, burning and rebuilding up to seven times. The king sought a dwelling place and saw these five mountains surrounding the area like a city wall, so he built palaces to live within the mountains; for this reason it was named Rājagṛha. [3] It also says: In ancient times, there was a king in this country named Vasu, who grew weary of the world, left household life, and became a rishi. His son, named Bṛhadratha, succeeded to the throne as king and contemplated seeking another dwelling place. Later, while out hunting, he happened upon the five mountains, steep, solid, and variously adorned all around; he thereupon abandoned the original city to dwell within them, and it was named Rājagṛha. The details are as in that treatise. The *Xiyu Ji* says: "The city of Kuśāgrapura is translated into Chinese as the City of Superior Kuśa Grass; it is in the exact center of Magadha. It was the dwelling place of ancient rulers, where superior and auspicious kuśa grass grew abundantly, and it was named after it. Lofty mountains surround it on four sides as an outer wall; to the west it connects to a narrow path, and to the north it opens a mountain gate. It is long from east to west and narrow from north to south, with a circumference of one hundred and fifty li; the inner palace fortress has a circumference of more than thirty li. Karṇikāra trees line all the roads, their blossoms holding rare fragrance and glowing like molten gold; in the late spring months the entire forest turns golden. When King Bimbisāra made Kuśāgrapura his capital, the registered households frequently suffered the disaster of fire; if one family was negligent, the four neighbors suffered the calamity. Having no leisure to prevent fire, their assets and livelihood were ruined, and the common people lamented in resentment, finding no peace in their dwellings. The king said: 'Because of my lack of virtue, the humble people suffer misfortune. What virtuous conduct can I cultivate to avert this disaster?' The ministers replied: 'Great King, your virtuous transformation and governmental teachings are clear and discerning; it is the common people who are careless, bringing about these fires. You should institute strict statutes to purge future offenses. If a fire breaks out, thoroughly investigate where it began and punish the chief culprit, banishing him to the Śītavana as if discarding a corpse. Then they will be careful and vigilant on their own.' The king said: 'Well spoken. Let it be proclaimed everywhere.' Before long, a fire broke out in the royal palace. The king said to his ministers: 'I shall banish myself.' He then ordered the crown prince to oversee state affairs, and wishing to uphold the nation's laws, he moved his dwelling there. At that time, the king of Vaiśālī heard that King Bimbisāra was dwelling in the wilds of the Śītavana, and raised an army intending to attack. When the border guards heard this report, they built a city of ramparts, and because the king had resided there first, it was called Rājagṛha (the City of the King's House). Some say: It was only after King Ajātaśatru succeeded to the throne that this city was built even higher and thicker. By the time King Aśoka moved the capital to Pāṭaliputra, he gave Rājagṛha to the brahmins. However, the outer wall of Rājagṛha is now ruined with no remaining walls; although the inner city is destroyed, its foundations are still steep, with a circumference of more than twenty li and one gate on each side. Today within the old city there are no longer commoners, only fewer than a thousand brahmin households."