法華玄論 5.165

5.165

答：此就穢中開淨穢、濁中開淨濁耳。所言五者，煩惱與見此正是濁，此二所成眾生名眾生濁，即此眾生連持之命名為命濁，此四種時謂劫濁也。若無前二後三，不名為濁也。因果分者，煩惱與見謂因濁，餘三果濁。人法分者，眾生為人濁，餘四為法濁。時法分者，劫為時濁，餘四法濁。三障分者，眾生命時為報障，煩惱與見即煩惱障，而業含其中也。但五濁通輕重，三障但是重，謂障聖道及聖道方便，故立三障名也。

Answer: This is just discerning pure and defiled within the defiled, and discerning pure and defiled within the turbid. As for the five: afflictions and views are precisely defilements; the sentient beings formed by these two are called the sentient being defilement; the continuous lifespan of these very sentient beings is called the life defilement; and the time of these four kinds is called the kalpa defilement. If there were not the former two, the latter three would not be termed defilements. Divided by cause and effect: afflictions and views are the causal defilements, and the other three are resultant defilements. Divided by person and phenomena: sentient beings are the personal defilement, and the other four are phenomenal defilements. Divided by time and phenomena: the kalpa is the temporal defilement, and the other four are phenomenal defilements. Divided by the three obstacles: sentient beings, lifespan, and time are the retribution obstacle; afflictions and views are the affliction obstacle; and karma is included within them. However, the five defilements apply generally to both light and heavy, while the three obstacles are only heavy, meaning they obstruct the noble path and the skillful means of the noble path; hence the name 'three obstacles' is established.