法華玄論 5.169

5.169

答：三濁即是煩惱、業、苦，此義通三界內外及淨穢二土。今明五濁，但是界內，唯據穢土也。三假攝五濁者，眾生為因成，命謂色心連待不斷，是相續假。相待可知也。又大乘三假者，眾生為受假，餘四為法假。此二皆有名，謂名假也。次二別論之。煩惱與見開為二者，煩惱名通，諸見語別。又見謂五利，煩惱謂五鈍。又屬愛名煩惱，屬見名為見。又煩惱據在家眾生，見謂九十六種外道。又六十二見名為見，餘皆屬煩惱。眾生者，會眾法而成為宰一之主，故名眾生也，即一世論也；處處受生故名眾生，三世論也。前通凡聖，後但凡也。命與劫異者，劫時長，命時短。劫但時，命以法帶時。劫通內外，命但據內。又三小劫但害眾生不損外物，三大劫但損外物不害眾生。三小劫但在人中，三大劫通二界，此皆短狹。若是命，通三界、通於五道。又劫名共，濁命各各有，謂不共濁，故異也。然取小劫為劫濁，大劫時通也。

Answer: The three defilements are afflictions, karma, and suffering; this meaning applies generally to both inside and outside the three realms and to both pure and defiled lands. Now, the explanation of the five defilements is only within the realms and is based solely on the defiled land. When subsuming the five defilements under the three designations: sentient beings are formed through causes, and lifespan means the unbroken continuity of form and mind, which is the designation of continuity. The designation of relativity can be understood. Furthermore, as for the three designations of the Mahāyāna: sentient beings are the designation of appropriation, and the other four are phenomenal designations. Both of these possess names, which is the nominal designation. Next, the two are discussed separately: afflictions and views are differentiated into two because the term 'affliction' is general, while 'views' is specific. Furthermore, views refer to the five sharp [afflictions], and afflictions refer to the five dull [afflictions]. Furthermore, those belonging to craving are called afflictions, and those belonging to view are called views. Furthermore, afflictions are based on lay sentient beings, and views refer to the ninety-six kinds of non-Buddhists. Furthermore, the sixty-two views are called views, and the rest all belong to afflictions. 'Sentient beings' (zhongsheng) means assembling the numerous phenomena (zhongfa) to become a single controlling master, hence named sentient beings; this is discussed in terms of a single lifetime. Or, taking birth (sheng) in various places (zhongchu), hence called sentient beings; this is discussed in terms of the three times. The former applies to both ordinary beings and sages, while the latter is only ordinary beings. Lifespan and kalpa differ in that a kalpa's time is long, while a lifespan's time is short. A kalpa is only time, while lifespan takes phenomena along with time. A kalpa applies to both internal and external, while lifespan is based only on the internal. Furthermore, the three small kalpas harm only sentient beings and do not destroy external things; the three great kalpas destroy only external things and do not harm sentient beings. The three small kalpas occur only among humans; the three great kalpas apply to two realms; these are all short and narrow. As for lifespan, it applies generally to the three realms and to the five destinies. Furthermore, kalpas are called shared defilements, while lifespan is possessed individually by each, meaning an unshared defilement; hence they differ. However, small kalpas are taken as the kalpa defilement, whereas the time of great kalpas is general.