法華義疏 12.50

12.50

「而作是言」下，第三、正發問也。凡有四句：初、經家敘其口業。「世尊」下，第二、正發言問。問有三種句：初句、仰舉尊號，即表能答之德，非是世尊不能釋補處之疑，將欲申疑故顯質疑之主。「觀世音」下，第二、出所疑之人。「以何因緣」，第三、正明疑也。因謂因由，緣是緣藉，以何因緣受此名耶？名有二種：一、有因緣；二、無因緣。如身子因母、目連因姓，此有因緣；低羅婆夷實不食油強名食油，此無因緣。今未知為有因立目、無因立名，是故問也。有因立名略有四種：一、從趣立名，如生天趣故名為天。二、從相立名，如身有異相因以立名。三、從過立名，如盜賊等。四、從德立稱，如諸賢聖。今未知以何因緣有此名也。

From "and said these words" downward is the third part: the question itself. It comprises four phrases: First, the compiler of the sūtra narrates his vocal karma. From "World-Honoured One" downward is the second part: speaking the question itself. The question has three phrases: The first phrase reverently cites the honored title, which expresses the virtue of the one able to answer; none other than the World-Honoured One could resolve the doubts of a bodhisattva bound to one birth, so wishing to express his doubt, he indicates the master who will resolve it. From "Avalokiteśvara" downward is the second phrase: indicating the person doubted. "By what cause and condition" is the third phrase: properly stating the doubt. "Cause" (*hetu*) refers to the underlying cause; "condition" (*pratyaya*) refers to reliance on circumstances: by what cause and condition did he receive this name? Names are of two kinds: first, having causes and conditions; second, lacking causes and conditions. For instance, Śāriputra was named from his mother, and Maudgalyāyana was named from his lineage; these have causes and conditions. Tailapāyikā does not actually eat oil, yet was forcibly named "Oil-Drinker"; this lacks cause and condition. Now, not knowing whether the designation was established with a cause or without a cause, he therefore asks. Names established through causes are briefly of four kinds: first, established from the destiny, such as being born in the heavenly destiny and therefore named a deva; second, established from marks, such as having extraordinary marks on the body and named accordingly; third, established from faults, such as thieves and the like; fourth, established from virtues, such as the worthy and holy. Now, not knowing by what cause and condition he has this name, [he asks].