法華義疏 9.108

9.108

學無學有大小乘不同，小乘學無學者，《成論》云「學法者，學人在第一義心也。無學者，無學人在第一義心也。若緣真之心更有增進義，是名為學。緣真之心已滿不復進求，是名無學。若出世俗心非學非無學」。依《毘曇》云「會理進求名之為學，會理息求名為無學，緣事之心名非學非無學」。然今品都不論此義，學無學既在觀心，不可得記亦不可得受，今但就位判耳。三果名學，羅漢名無學，而言人者，《智度論》云「須陀洹者人也。須陀洹道者十五心也。須陀洹果者第十六心也」。今正標其人以目品也。大乘學無學者，佛名無學，登地以上稱之為學。就因地中，七地已還是功用道名之為學，八地已上無功用道名為無學，故《大品》云「菩薩有學無學地」。

Trainees (śaikṣa) and adepts (aśaikṣa) differ between the Mahāyāna and the Hīnayāna. As for Hīnayāna trainees and adepts, the *Tattvasiddhi-śāstra* says: 'One who trains in the Dharma is a trainee whose mind abides in the ultimate truth. An adept is one without training whose mind abides in the ultimate truth. If a mind that cognizes the real admits of further progress, it is called "trainee". If a mind that cognizes the real is already complete and no longer seeks progress, it is called "adept". If it produces a worldly mind, it is neither trainee nor adept.' According to the *Abhidharma*: 'When one accords with principle and seeks progress, it is called "trainee"; when one accords with principle and ceases seeking, it is called "adept"; and a mind that cognizes phenomena is called "neither trainee nor adept".' However, this chapter does not discuss this meaning at all. Since training and non-training reside in the contemplative mind, they cannot be prophesied, nor can they be received; here they are distinguished solely in terms of stages. The three fruits are called 'trainees', and the arhat is called 'adept'. As for speaking of 'persons', the *Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa* says: 'The srotāpanna is a person. The path of the srotāpanna comprises fifteen moments of mind. The fruit of the srotāpanna is the sixteenth moment of mind.' Here the title of the chapter directly designates the persons. As for Mahāyāna trainees and adepts, the Buddha is called 'adept', while those on the grounds and above are called 'trainees'. Regarding the causal stage: the seventh ground and below are the path of effort and are called 'trainees'; the eighth ground and above are the effortless path and are called 'adepts'. Therefore the *Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra* says: 'Bodhisattvas have the stage of the trainee and adept.'