法華義疏 3.90

3.90

Tenth, to explain generally, preaching the Dharma has two approaches: first, direct exposition; second, mutually confirming exposition. The initial portion of the sūtra is called direct exposition. 'Direct exposition' clarifies that the principle has no dual culmination and is solely the single pure path; therefore it is called 'subtle'. For this reason the text says, 'There is only a single gate, and moreover it is narrow and small.' What is called 'single' means there is no distinction of the ninety-six kinds [of non-Buddhists], nor any difference of the five vehicles; there is solely the single pure path, hence it is called 'single'. Utterly subtle and empty of obstruction, it is called a 'gate'. Because it does not admit the ordinary being's mind of craving and views, it is called 'narrow'. Because it also does not accept the two vehicles' views of annihilation and permanence, it is called 'small'. The initial portion of the sūtra precisely clarifies the single pure path and reproaches ordinary beings' craving and views and the two vehicles' annihilation and permanence; therefore it is called direct exposition. As for the latter portion of the sūtra being called mutually confirming exposition: although the preceding says that the single path is pure, one does not yet know whether this 'single' is impermanent or eternal. If it were impermanent, it would still be the same as the ninety-six kinds, and would still be identical to the differences among the four vehicles, being a coarse dharma and not called subtle. Because the single pure path is eternal and unchanging, surpassing both of the earlier differences, it is called subtle. However, since the Dharma that is realized is eternal, the person who can realize it is also eternal. Thus the Nirvāṇa Sūtra says, 'That which all Buddhas take refuge in is the so-called Dharma.' Because the Dharma is eternal, all Buddhas are also eternal. Thus, using the latter permanence to confirm the former uniqueness, the subtle meaning is first manifested; therefore it is a mutually confirming exposition.