妙法蓮華經玄贊 2.108

2.108

贊曰：此眾生世間有四：一四眾，二八部，三二王，後結歡喜。梵云鄔波索迦、鄔波斯迦者，鄔波近也，迦云事，索是男聲，斯是女聲，以諸男、女成就戒者，堪可親近奉事比丘、比丘尼眾故，云近事男、近事女。古云優婆塞、優婆夷名清信男、清信女，訛也。「夜叉」者，此云勇健，飛騰空中攝地行類諸羅剎也。羅剎云暴惡，亦云可畏，彼皆訛音，梵語正云藥叉邏剎娑。梵云莫呼洛伽，此云大腹，大蟒田蛟腹行之類，「摩睺羅伽」訛也。餘如前說。

Eulogy: Here, the world of sentient beings has four parts: first, the four assemblies; second, the eight classes; third, the two kings; and finally concluding with their rejoicing. The Sanskrit terms upāsaka and upāsikā: upa means near, and [the suffix] denotes service; -ka is masculine and -kā is feminine. Because men and women who have perfected the precepts can draw near to and serve the assemblies of monks and nuns, they are called "men of near service" and "women of near service." Ancient renderings as upāsaka and upāsikā meaning "pure-faith men" and "pure-faith women" are corrupt. "Yaksha" (yecha) means courageous and valiant; they fly and soar in the sky, encompassing the varieties of rākṣasas that walk upon the earth. Rākṣasa means violent and evil, or terrible; those are corrupt sounds, while the correct Sanskrit is yakṣa and rākṣasa. The Sanskrit mahoraga means "great belly," the category of large pythons and field dragons that crawl on their bellies; "mahouluojia" is corrupt. The rest are as explained before.