妙法蓮華經玄贊 6.182

6.182

贊曰：下三十頌由不信故受惡果相。分二：初二十八頌明不信果，後二頌結成。初中復二：初二十二頌別歷三趣受異熟果相，後六頌總歷四趣受增上、等流二果之相。初中有三：一頌半受地獄果相，次十頌半受畜生果相，後十頌受人中果相。不說餓鬼，餓鬼多由貪生，不信此經生貪者少故。略而不說，實非無也，下文亦有。前第一卷說五趣，以六門分別。上已釋三門：一名，二體，三開合訖。今更辨餘三門：一處所，二果相，三壽量。處所者，捺落迦有三：一根本，二近邊，三孤獨。根本即是八熱、八寒。八熱者：一等活，二黑繩，三眾合，四號叫，五大號叫，六燒燃，七極燒燃，八無間。此八苦器，處所縱廣皆十千由旬。八寒者：一皰，二皰裂，三𠿒哳沾，四郝郝凡，五虎虎凡，六青蓮華，七紅蓮華，八大紅蓮華。此下三萬二千踰繕那有等活，等活下四千踰繕那有黑繩等七。如是以下六捺落迦相去皆隔二千由旬。其八寒地獄皆小於熱地獄。此上所說根本地獄。有義地獄上下重疊，略計無間底去地并有十二萬八千由旬。此釋不然，妙高去水下但說八萬即踞金輪，定不可爾。故有釋言，此下過三萬二千由旬有等活，等活下四千有餘七，餘七傍相、當非上下。初寒與等活齊，初寒下二千有餘七寒，七寒亦傍相、當非上下。其八地獄廣十千由旬，不說上下。《瑜伽》但言「此下三萬二千有等活，等活下四千有餘那落迦。初寒在等活傍，此下二千有餘寒那落迦。那落迦處廣十千。」不別說上下相去皆四千，及一一地獄皆十千。故《婆沙》有二說。《俱舍》乃云「下過二萬至無間底，極為淺近」，近邊即是八熱門外面各四門。《俱舍》說為十六增也，謂煻煨屍糞鋒刃烈河。孤獨即是山間壙野樹下空中，或一或多受罪之處。傍生之類本居大海，流住餘處。《正法念》說下過五百由旬有琰摩王國，後流餘處。人住四大洲八中洲，一一各有五百小洲，以為眷屬。天住六欲、色、無色界。四大王眾天居妙高山半腹之中第四層級。《俱舍》說住初金山頂。三十三天住妙高頂，自餘諸天皆漸次住已上空中。須彌山頂去下八萬踰繕那，已上諸天皆去地一倍。夜摩天去地一十六萬，知足天去地三十二萬，除無雲天乃至已上皆准當知。無色界天在欲色界隨先入定處而便受果故。非天根本住在妙高山北北海之下。餘傍小者隨在四洲。如前已說。

The commentary says: The thirty verses below describe the characteristics of undergoing evil retributions due to lack of faith. They are divided into two parts: the first twenty-eight verses explain the fruits of lack of faith, and the final two verses conclude it. The first part is further divided into two: the first twenty-two verses separately recount the characteristics of undergoing ripening fruits (vipākaphala) in the three destinies; the latter six verses comprehensively recount the characteristics of undergoing the dominant fruit (adhipatiphala) and the fruit of concordance (niṣyandaphala) across the four destinies. The first part contains three sections: one and a half verses on the characteristics of undergoing the retribution of hell; the next ten and a half verses on the characteristics of undergoing the retribution of animals; and the final ten verses on the characteristics of undergoing retribution among humans. Hungry ghosts (pretas) are not mentioned because pretas are mostly born of greed, and few generate greed by disbelieving this sūtra. They are omitted for brevity, but they are not really absent, and are also mentioned in the text below. The first fascicle earlier explained the five destinies, differentiating them by six approaches. Above, three approaches have already been explained: first, names; second, essences; third, opening and combining. Now the remaining three approaches will be distinguished: first, locations; second, characteristics of the fruit; third, lifespan. As for locations, there are three types of narakas: first, fundamental (mūla); second, neighboring (utsada); third, isolated (pratyeka). The fundamental are the eight hot and eight cold [hells]. The eight hot hells are: first, Sañjīva (Reviving); second, Kālasūtra (Black Rope); third, Saṃghāta (Crushing); fourth, Raurava (Crying); fifth, Mahāraurava (Great Crying); sixth, Tapana (Burning); seventh, Pratāpana (Extreme Burning); eighth, Avīci (Uninterrupted). The suffering vessels of these eight, their locations in length and breadth, are each ten thousand yojanas. The eight cold hells are: first, Arbuda (Blister); second, Nirarbuda (Bursting Blister); third, Aṭaṭa; fourth, Hahava; fifth, Huhuva; sixth, Utpala (Blue Lotus); seventh, Padma (Red Lotus); eighth, Mahāpadma (Great Red Lotus). Thirty-two thousand yojanas below this [earth] lies Sañjīva; four thousand yojanas below Sañjīva lie Kālasūtra and the other seven. In this way, descending down, the six narakas are each separated by two thousand yojanas. The eight cold hells are all smaller than the hot hells. These explained above are the fundamental hells. Some hold the view that the hells are stacked vertically on top of one another, calculating in brief that from the bottom of Avīci to the surface of the earth is a total of 128,000 yojanas. This explanation is not correct: [Mount] Meru reaches only eighty thousand [yojanas] down into the water where it rests upon the golden wheel, so it definitely cannot be so. Therefore, there is an explanation stating: thirty-two thousand yojanas below this [earth] lies Sañjīva; four thousand below Sañjīva lie the other seven, and these other seven lie side by side, not vertically one above the other. The first cold hell is level with Sañjīva; two thousand below the first cold hell lie the other seven cold hells, which also lie side by side, not vertically. These eight hells are ten thousand yojanas broad, without speaking of top and bottom. The *Yogācāra[-bhūmi]* only says: 'Thirty-two thousand below this lies Sañjīva; four thousand below Sañjīva lie the other narakas. The first cold hell is beside Sañjīva; two thousand below this lie the other cold narakas. The naraka locations are ten thousand [yojanas] broad.' It does not separately state that the vertical distance between each is four thousand, or that each hell is ten thousand. Therefore, the *Vibhāṣā* has two theories. The *Kośa* says: 'Going down twenty thousand [yojanas] reaches the bottom of Avīci'—which is extremely shallow. The neighboring [hells] are the four gates on each of the outer sides of the eight hot gates. The *Kośa* calls them the sixteen supplementary hells: namely, Hot Embers, Corpse Dung, Razor Blades, and the Boiling River. The isolated hells are in the midst of mountains, wildernesses, beneath trees, or in the air, places where suffering is undergone by one or by many. The class of animals originally dwelt in the great ocean and then flowed to other places. The *Saddharmasmṛtyupasthāna[-sūtra]* says that five hundred yojanas below is the realm of King Yama, from where they later spread elsewhere. Humans dwell on the four great continents and the eight intermediate continents, each of which has five hundred small continents as its retinue. Devas dwell in the six heavens of the desire realm, the form realm, and the formless realm. The devas of the retinue of the Four Great Kings dwell halfway up Mount Meru on the fourth tier. The *Kośa* says they dwell on the summit of the first golden mountain. The Trāyastriṃśa Devas dwell on the summit of Meru; all the other devas dwell successively above in space. The summit of Mount Sumeru is eighty thousand yojanas above what is below; all the devas above this are double the distance from the ground [of the previous heaven]. The Yāma heaven is 160,000 [yojanas] from the ground; the Tuṣita heaven is 320,000; up to the Cloudless Heaven (Anabhraka) and those above, all should be understood accordingly. The devas of the formless realm undergo their retribution right where they previously entered meditative absorption within the desire or form realms. The fundamental [dwelling of the] asuras is north of Mount Meru, beneath the northern sea. The other minor ones dwell according to the four continents, as previously explained.