大方廣佛華嚴經隨疏演義鈔 78.56

78.56

Regarding the Commentary's statement, "The names such as fetters and bonds are as commonly analyzed": it is not merely that it points to the common explanations because it is easy, but because the above sūtra text has already frequently explained them; fearing that later students will find it difficult to search for them, they are now set forth fully again. The sūtra states: First, the unknowledgeable, which is avidyā; this applies to both solitary and associated kinds. Second, the doers of evil, which are the entwinements (paryavasthāna); of these there are eight kinds and ten entwinements. Regarding the eight kinds, they are: first, styāna; second, middha—these two obstruct śamatha. The seventh fascicle of the Samuccaya states: "When cultivating śamatha, styāna and middha are obstacles, because internally they induce torpor." Third, auddhatya; fourth, kaukṛtya—these two obstruct vipaśyanā. The treatise states: "When cultivating vipaśyanā, auddhatya and kaukṛtya are obstacles, because externally they can induce distraction." Commentary: The single character ju (raising) above is indeed vipaśyanā. Fifth, mātsarya; sixth, īrṣyā—these two obstruct upekṣā. The treatise states: "When cultivating upekṣā, mātsarya and īrṣyā are obstacles. By accomplishing these, within the approaches of stinginess and jealousy toward self-benefit and benefiting others, they repeatedly agitate the practitioner's mind." Seventh, āhrīkya; eighth, anapatrāpya—these two obstruct śīla. The treatise states: "When cultivating pure śīla, āhrīkya and anapatrāpya are obstacles. Due to possessing these two, one violates the various precepts, having no sense of shame." Regarding the ten entwinements, anger (krodha) and hypocrisy (mrakṣa) are added. A verse in the Kośa states: "Or ten, adding anger and hypocrisy." The Samuccaya states: "Repeatedly flaring up and entwining body and mind, they are therefore named entwinements. Because these various entwinements repeatedly flare up, entwining the minds of all contemplative practitioners, they serve as obstacles to cultivating the wholesome factors." There are also five entwinements, namely: rāga, pratigha, māna, īrṣyā, and mātsarya. The sūtra speaks of "fetters" (saṃyojana); the sixth fascicle of the Samuccaya states: "Question: How many kinds of fetters are there? What is a fetter? Where do fetters bind? (There are three questions here.) Answer: There are nine kinds of fetters, namely: the fetter of attachment, the fetter of hostility, the fetter of conceit, the fetter of avidyā, the fetter of views, the fetter of clinging, the fetter of doubt, the fetter of jealousy, and the fetter of stinginess. The verse should say: 'Attachment, hostility, conceit, avidyā, / Views, clinging, doubt, jealousy, stinginess.'" The treatise states: "The fetter of attachment refers to greed in the desire realm. The fetter of hostility refers to the mind generating harm toward sentient beings' suffering and factors conducive to suffering. The fetter of conceit refers to the seven conceits and so forth. The fetter of avidyā refers to ignorance of the three realms. The fetter of views refers to the three views, namely: satkāyadṛṣṭi, antagrāhadṛṣṭi, and mithyādṛṣṭi. The fetter of clinging refers to dṛṣṭiparāmarśa and śīlavrataparāmarśa. The fetter of doubt refers to vacillation concerning the real principles. The fetter of jealousy refers to being addicted to gains and unable to bear others' prosperity, giving rise to envy in the mind. The fetter of stinginess refers to being addicted to gains and stingy in mind toward the requisites of life." Commentary: What is a fetter? Where does it bind? (These two questions) are broadly answered as in the treatise.