觀無量壽佛經義疏 2.40

2.40

"'In this defiled and evil place, hells, hungry ghosts, and animals are brimful, and many unwholesome groups assemble.'" Defilement refers to the five turbidities, meaning that views, afflictions, and so on, all five are impure, so they are collectively called defilements, and also called the five dregs. Evil refers to the ten unwholesome deeds, which are killing, stealing, and so forth. The five turbidities fully encompass the environment and inhabitants, whereas the ten unwholesome deeds specifically indicate actions and karmic deeds. In terms of defilement and evil, they actually encompass the six destinies, but the suffering fruits of the three wretched paths are specifically cited to reveal what is revolting. They pervade the trichiliocosm, hence it is said that they are "brimful." "Many unwholesome groups assemble" means that the evil destinies mentioned above gather together in this place. Or it may specifically refer to the scarcity of wholesome people among humans, as in the vow below not to see evil persons; whether hostile or friendly, adverse or favorable, none are not unwholesome. Could King Ajātaśatru and Devadatta be a wholesome assembly? Above was explaining according to the text; next is discussing according to the meaning. "This defiled and evil place" refers to the commanderies, cities, dwelling places of common people, and gatherings of kinsmen in the mundane world, where mental actions are of ten thousand varieties and the three wretched destinies are brimful—all assemblies of what is unwholesome. Furthermore, "defiled and evil place" refers to the present conscious minds of beings like us: from beginningless time until now, the boundless karmic seeds created by the three karmas, and the deeds of the three wretched destinies arising in daily life, are inexhaustible in number; therefore it is said to be "brimful" and "many unwholesome." Third, making a vow to leave it far behind.