阿彌陀經通贊疏 3.89

3.89

Because these five defilements are based on the predominant modes of activity, wanting to generate revulsion, only five are specifically spoken of. Fifth, mutual subsumption. The Satyakanirgrantha Sūtra establishes twelve defilements: 1. the manifestation of the defilement of the kalpa; 2. the manifestation of the defilement of time; 3. the manifestation of the defilement of sentient beings; 4. the manifestation of the defilement of afflictions; 5. the manifestation of the defilement of lifespan; 6. the manifestation of the defilement of distinctions among the three vehicles; 7. the manifestation of the defilement of impure lands; 8. the manifestation of the defilement of sentient beings difficult to transform; 9. the manifestation of the defilement of preaching various afflictions; 10. the manifestation of the defilement of the chaos of non-Buddhists; 11. the manifestation of the defilement of Māra; 12. the manifestation of the defilement of Māra's deeds. The defilement of the kalpa and of time are the defilement of the kalpa; sentient beings and sentient beings difficult to transform are the defilement of sentient beings; afflictions and preaching various afflictions are the defilement of afflictions; lifespan is the defilement of lifespan; the chaos of non-Buddhists is the defilement of views. These eight are identical to the five defilements. The remaining four kinds—namely the distinctions among the three vehicles, impure lands, Māra, and Māra's deeds—are not subsumed under the five defilements. The five defilements are based on what is predominant, consisting solely of actual afflictive defilements; the twelve defilements encompass both what can transform and what can obstruct, because they are manifested by the Buddha.