大般涅槃經集解 65.58

65.58

案僧亮曰：不具受得者，不一時受五也。以其心弱，不能誓止五惡，故不能生戒。一時受五，則心強能生也。不能具持，便捨四留一，是名一分也。不違佛意，謂單受一戒，不得戒也。具受乃得者，以一日一夜為具。何者？在家戒有二種：一終身、二不終身。不終身者，以心為期，或一日、或十五日、或一日一夜、或但一月、或但一夜皆得成齋。經有證：迦旃所乃至一時念，以時念促故，心弱不能發戒。答言不成也。或者聞之，以一日一夜為定限，多少皆不成齋，失旨也。僧宗曰：第十六諍論也。若論正義，五戒隨受持多少，隨得其福。若八戒，或一日乃至一時，但應具脩乃得，此異五戒。聞說五戒可分受，謂八戒亦可分得也。聞八戒具受乃得，謂五戒亦爾也。寶亮曰：一分優婆塞者，佛一時說受三歸已，五戒中受一戒，名為一分。物情不解，便言佛說五戒中但受一戒便具得五。復成諍論。又為一人說，或一日一夜是善，不名得齋者，本語一日一夜，但一時一念不名作齋。是人善，即是得戒。或者不解，謂言不得齋亦不得戒，所以諍也。道慧記曰：一分優婆塞者，先受五戒竟，然後捨四持一，是一分也。若使發家一戒者，此不能發得無作也。若言優婆塞發家不具受得者，此失旨也。夫八戒齋，昨日夜受，乃至作二日受、一日受皆得。若單一日一夜、一念一時，此皆名得善，非得八齋齋戒也。記曰：夫齋者，過中不食。一日一夜清素，謂之為齋。八戒者，為莊嚴此齋，故謂八戒齋耳。但一念一時受八戒者，非不得也，但齋不成就，故言得善，不名得齋。凡夫不解，謂須一日一夜具受方得八戒齋法，此為失也。

Sengliang comments: 'Not obtained without taking them completely' refers to not receiving the five [precepts] at one time. Because one's mind is weak and unable to vow to desist from the five evils, one cannot produce the precepts. If one receives all five at one time, the mind is strong and capable of producing them. If one is unable to keep them fully, one then abandons four and retains one; this is called 'one part.' This does not contradict the Buddha's intent; it means that receiving merely a single precept on its own does not obtain the precept. 'Obtained only by taking them completely' takes one day and one night as complete. Why is this? Householder precepts are of two kinds: first, lifelong; second, not lifelong. As for the not lifelong, one sets the mind to a term—whether one day, or fifteen days, or one day and one night, or merely one month, or merely one night—all can constitute the abstinence. The sūtra contains proof: regarding Kātyāyana, down to a single moment of thought, because the moment of thought is brief, the mind is weak and cannot generate the precepts, so it answers that it does not constitute it. Some who hear this take one day and one night as a fixed limit, believing that more or less does not constitute abstinence; this misses the point. Sengzong says: This is the sixteenth dispute. In terms of the correct doctrine, with the five precepts, according to how many one receives and observes, one accordingly obtains their merit. As for the eight precepts, whether for one day or even a single moment, they are obtained only by observing them completely; this differs from the five precepts. Hearing that the five precepts can be received partially, they thought the eight precepts could also be obtained partially. Hearing that the eight precepts are obtained only when fully received, they thought the five precepts were also like this. Baoliang says: Regarding the 'one-part upāsaka,' the Buddha once said that after taking the three refuges, receiving one precept among the five precepts is called 'one part.' Sentient beings fail to understand and then claim that the Buddha said receiving merely one precept among the five precepts obtains all five in full. This again became a dispute. Furthermore, he stated for one person that one day and one night is good, but is not called obtaining the abstinence: originally speaking of one day and one night, merely a single moment or a single thought is not called keeping abstinence. That person is virtuous, which is to say they obtain the precepts. Some fail to understand, claiming that one neither obtains the abstinence nor obtains the precepts, which is why disputes arise. Daohui's notes state: An 'one-part upāsaka' is one who first receives all five precepts, and afterward abandons four to observe one; this is 'one part.' If one initially undertakes only one precept from home, this cannot give rise to the non-manifest (avijñapti). If one says that an upāsaka undertaking it from home without receiving it completely obtains it, this misses the point. Now, as for the eightfold abstinence, whether undertaken yesterday and tonight, down to two days or one day, all are permissible. If merely for one day and one night, or a single thought or a single moment, these are all termed obtaining good, not obtaining the eightfold abstinence precepts. The notes state: Abstinence means not eating past noon. Purity and simplicity for one day and one night is called abstinence. The eight precepts are for adorning this abstinence, hence called the eightfold abstinence precepts. Receiving the eight precepts for merely a single thought or a single moment is not without acquisition, but the abstinence is not completed; therefore it is said one obtains good, not that one obtains the abstinence. Ordinary people do not understand, thinking that one must completely receive them for one day and one night before obtaining the method of the eightfold abstinence precepts; this is an error.