涅槃玄義發源機要 1.12

1.12

二、指通名。聖教之總名者，大小偏圓總名經故。事在別釋者，如《法華玄義》中約有翻無翻各有五義也。無翻五者，以彼語多含、此方單淺，不可以單翻複，應留本音。既不可翻，而含五義：一、法本；二、微發，亦云顯示；三、涌泉；四、繩墨；五、結鬘。有翻五者，一翻為經、二翻為契、三翻法本、四翻線、五翻善語教。昔佛法初度梵漢未明，故有無翻之說，乃是河西群學所傳，晚人承用耳。有翻之家雖具五義，以經為正，以此方先聖之語悉名經，故以佛語為經。此義翻也。是以三藏中但有經藏，十二部中但有經部而無線藏線部等名。

Second, pointing to the general title. 'The general title for the sacred teachings' refers to the fact that whether Hinayana or Mahāyāna, partial or perfect, all are generally termed 'sūtra' (經). That 'the particulars are explained separately' refers, for example, to the *Fahua xuanyi*, where there are five meanings each for the views that it is translated and that it is untranslated. Regarding the five for 'untranslated': because that language contains many meanings while this region's [words] are single and shallow, one cannot translate a manifold term with a single word, and so its original sound should be preserved. Although untranslatable, it contains five meanings: first, 'root of phenomena' (dharma); second, 'subtle manifestation', also called 'illumination'; third, 'gushing spring'; fourth, 'marking cord'; fifth, 'garland'. Regarding the five for 'translated': first, it is translated as *jing* (warp/classic); second, it is translated as *qi* (tally/accordance); third, it is translated as 'root of phenomena'; fourth, it is translated as 'thread' (sūtra); fifth, it is translated as 'instruction of good speech'. In antiquity, when the Buddha's teachings were first transmitted, the Sanskrit and Chinese languages were not yet clearly understood, which is why there was the theory of 'untranslated'; it was merely passed down by the various scholars west of the Yellow River and adopted by later generations. Although the school maintaining it is translatable recognizes five meanings, they take *jing* as primary: because the words of the ancient sages of this land were all called *jing*, the Buddha's words were therefore called *jing*. This is translation according to sense. Therefore, in the Tripiṭaka there is only a 'Sūtra Basket' (sūtra-piṭaka) and among the twelve divisions of teachings there is only a 'Sūtra Section', without such names as a 'Thread Basket' or 'Thread Section'.