維摩義記 1.23

1.23

The word "Buddha" designates and lists the teaching master. "Buddha" is an Indian word, translated here as "Awakened One." Awakening has two meanings: first, investigation; second, enlightenment. "Investigation" is in contrast to the afflictive obscurations. Afflictions encroach and harm just like bandits; only the sage investigates and knows them, and is not harmed by them, hence he is called "Awakened." This first meaning is as explained in the Nirvāṇa [Sūtra]. "Enlightenment" is in contrast to the cognitive obscurations. The slumber of ignorance is just like sleep; when noble wisdom arises, one awakens grandly and clearly as if awakening from sleep, hence he is called "Awakened." The ignorance to which this is opposed is of two kinds: First is delusion regarding principle: the fundamental knot of ignorance deludes and veils the true nature; in contrast to it, one awakens to one's own reality. The nature of the tathāgatagarbha is fundamentally ever-quiescent, unconditioned, and unmoving, hence it is called "Awakened." Second is lack of knowledge regarding phenomenal events: being deluded about the characteristics of all dharmas; in contrast to it, one awakens to all the dharmas of the three aggregates—wholesome, unwholesome, and indeterminate—hence he is called "Awakened." Therefore the Bodhisattvabhūmi states: "Because he awakens equally to the aggregate of meaningful benefit and the aggregate of non-meaningful and neither-meaningful-nor-non-meaningful benefit, he is called Buddha." "Meaningful" means wholesome benefit, because it benefits others. "Non-meaningful" is unwholesome, because it does not benefit others. "Neither-meaningful-nor-non-meaningful" is indeterminate. Knowing all of these fully, he is called Buddha. Being able both to awaken oneself and to awaken others, and having one's practice of awakening completely fulfilled, one is called Buddha. Saying that he awakens himself distinguishes him from ordinary people; saying that he awakens others distinguishes him from the two vehicles; and having his practice of awakening completely fulfilled distinguishes him from bodhisattvas. Therefore, he alone obtains the name "Buddha."