說無垢稱經疏 2.205

2.205

Commentary: This is differentiated through three approaches: first, explaining the name; second, distinguishing their characteristics; third, identifying their intrinsic nature. Explaining the name: because by means of these four ways of gathering one gathers in sentient beings, causing them to turn toward bodhi and causing them to attain excellent fruits, they are called "matters of gathering" (saṃgrahavastu). Distinguishing their characteristics: the first is giving (dāna). How it differs from the perfection of giving is that the latter gives wealth to others, while the former gathers them in afterward; thus there is a difference between the two. Second, affectionate speech (priyavāditā): constantly speaking words that are pleasing, truthful, and in accord with the Dharma to guide toward what is beneficial, staying far away from harshness or backbiting, greeting others with a smile before speaking, bidding them enter and inquiring about their well-being, comforting and encouraging them appropriately, and so forth up to extensive explanations; relying on the four pure speeches to give rise to the eight noble speeches and the three beneficial conducts. Through affectionate speech, one first demonstrates the correct principle and, in accordance with the training rules, with a compassionate and unstained mind admonishes, guides, tames, settles, and establishes them, causing them to obtain wealth and status, go forth into homelessness and abandon desire, and achieve pliancy and liberation, and so forth up to extensive explanations; even though one undergoes great suffering, one feels double the joy, and even though occupying wealth and high status, one humbles oneself like a slave, like a servant, like a caṇḍāla, or like a filial son. Fourth, joint action (samānārthatā): regarding this benefit, if one encourages others to learn it, one also personally cultivates and learns it, causing their roots of virtue to become firm and non-regressing; seeing that one has practiced it oneself, they cultivate it all the more. Because one originally gathered sentient beings to direct them toward bodhi, therefore when the fruit is attained, liberated sentient beings come to be born in that land. Identifying the intrinsic nature: giving takes the three kinds of action rooted in non-greed as its nature; affectionate speech takes vocal action as its nature; beneficial action and joint action take the three kinds of action as their nature. Combined, they take two factors as their nature: non-greed and volition (cetanā).