金光明經文句記 5.4

5.4

二、「東黃」下，出人。持國者，護持國土故。乾闥婆，此云尋香，行天帝俗樂神也。富單那，此云臭，餓鬼中勝者，或云主熱病鬼也。增長者，令自他善根增長故。鳩槃茶，此云甕形，頗似冬瓜，是厭魅鬼也。薜荔多，此云祖父鬼，餓鬼中最劣者。雜語者，能作種種語故。毘舍闍，此云噉精氣鬼，噉人及五穀精氣故，亦云顛狂鬼也。毘沙門，此云多聞，福德之名聞四方故。夜叉，此云輕健，飛空健疾故。羅剎，此云可畏，亦名暴惡。

Second, from "East, Yellow" onward, identifies the persons. Dhṛtarāṣṭra ("Holding the Nation") protects and upholds the realm. Gandharva is translated here as "seeking fragrance"; they are spirits who perform mundane music for the Lord of the Devas. Pūtana is translated here as "foul"; they are the superior among hungry ghosts, or said to be ghosts that preside over feverish diseases. Virūḍhaka ("Increasing") causes the roots of goodness of oneself and others to increase. Kumbhāṇḍa is translated here as "pot-shaped", resembling a winter melon; they are spirits of bewitchment. Preta is translated here as "ancestor ghost", the most inferior among hungry ghosts. "Diverse languages" means they can make various kinds of speech. Piśāca is translated here as "spirit that eats essence", because they consume the essence of humans and the five grains; they are also called madness-inducing spirits. Vaiśravaṇa is translated here as "much-heard" (polymath), because the renown of his blessings and virtues is heard in the four directions. Yakṣa is translated here as "nimble and swift", because they fly through the air with swiftness. Rākṣasa is translated here as "fearful", and also named "violently evil".