四分律刪繁補闕行事鈔 3.255

3.255

Next, explaining the rules for rendering salutations according to seniority: The Vinayamātṛkā states: "After my demise, you must conduct affairs relying upon the prātimokṣa. Each person must conduct them with humility, abandoning pride and arrogance, and resting the mind in pure dharmas. A junior should address a senior as 'Venerable One' (āyuṣmat), and a senior should address a junior as 'Possessor of Wisdom' (āyus-prāpta)." The Dharmaguptaka Vinaya states: "When members of the five assemblies salute one another, they all alike salute the Tathāgata and the stūpas. First, a junior śrāmaṇerī salutes a senior śrāmaṇerī, a śrāmaṇera, a śikṣamāṇā, a bhikṣuṇī, a bhikṣu, the Tathāgata, and six [classes of] stūpas. Second, a junior śrāmaṇera salutes a senior śrāmaṇerī, a śrāmaṇera, and on up to the Tathāgata, and six [classes of] stūpas. Third, a junior śikṣamāṇā salutes a senior śikṣamāṇā on up to the Tathāgata, and four [classes of] stūpas. Fourth, a junior [bhikṣu]ṇī salutes a senior [bhikṣu]ṇī, a bhikṣu, and the Tathāgata—three individuals—and three [classes of] stūpas. Fifth, a junior bhikṣu salutes a senior bhikṣu and the Tathāgata—two individuals—and [their] stūpas." The Wubai wen states: "One may salute the master's stupa-tomb." It then asks itself: "When alive, he was the master; when dead, he has become dry bones—on what basis should one salute him?" It answers: "When the Buddha was in the world, one had to make offerings; after he attained nirvāṇa, he was also dry bones. The master is also like this; because of the need to repay kindness, one may salute the stupa-tomb." Regarding an unburied corpse, by principle, one salutes it accordingly. The Dharmaguptaka Vinaya states: "Śrāmaṇeras should rank according to their year of birth; if their year of birth is equal, they should rank according to their year of going forth." Question: "A śrāmaṇera may salute a senior śrāmaṇerī; since the statuses of male and female are distinct, why is he now permitted to salute [her]?" Answer: "It is simply because neither has received the full precepts, and thus both share a general designation; neither has superior virtue that can be made manifest. Furthermore, neither is within the master's fold. He is merely permitted to salute her in person and to salute her corpse and stupa-tomb." The Dharmaguptaka Vinaya states: "When approaching a senior, take off leather sandals, bare the right shoulder, join the palms, grasp both feet with the hands, say 'I pay homage' (which means 'deliver me'), and make prostrations." The Chuyao yi states: "'Homage' (vandana) means respect." The treatises on grammar (śabda-vidyā) state: "Paṇāme (praṇāma), translated here as 'salutation'." The Pañcavargika-vinaya states: "If there are many people, merely salute the master individually, salute the others collectively, and leave." The Madhyama-āgama states: "When arriving at a layperson's house, first sit down, and afterwards offer respect and greetings." The rest is explained at length in that G尊敬 Jīng (Respect Sūtra). The Vinayamātṛkā states: "From no varṣā up to nine varṣās is a junior; from ten varṣās up to nineteen varṣās is called a mid-level seat; from twenty varṣās up to forty-nine varṣās is called a senior; from fifty varṣās onward, one is respected by all śramaṇas and kings, and is a venerable elder." The Mahāsāṃghika-vinaya states: "A bhikṣu of zero years may sit together with one of three years; on up to seven years may sit together with ten years. If it is a sleeping bed, three people may sit. On a seating bench, two people may sit; on a bench one and a half cubits long, if the difference is within three years, two people may sit together; if the difference is less [in bench size], it is given entirely to the senior. If a sleeping bed exceeds three cubits, one may sit together with a difference of up to four years; if less, one may not. If there is a great assembly and beds and seats are few, one may join and bind beds together without letting them shake, and they may sit together. If a square cushion is three cubits long, one may sit with a difference of up to four years; if less, one may not. If grass is strewn on the ground, sitting together incurs no offense." The Jialun states: "When mats are on the ground, one may sit together with those who have not received the full precepts." The Sarvāstivāda states: "Long beds joined together, provided there are different mats, different cushions, and different trays, leaving the middle space vacant and separated, one may sit with a woman." The Mahāsāṃghika-vinaya states: "When receiving someone's prostrations, one must not remain silent like a mute sheep; one should exchange inquiries: 'Have you few illnesses and few vexations? Are you well and at ease? Is your journey not exhausting?' and so forth. When speaking with a senior, one may also say 'Possessor of Wisdom'."