四分比丘戒本疏 1.32

1.32

問：汎論妄語自有五種：一夷、二殘、三蘭，即誑非人變畜并夷殘方便；四提，即小妄小謗；五吉，即小妄謗等方便。何以大小名為妄語，餘名謗戒？答：損境誣人者謗也，通損益者妄也。

Question: Speaking generally, false speech has five types: 1. pārājika, 2. saṃghāvaśeṣa, 3. sthūlātyaya—which refers to deceiving non-humans or transformed animals, as well as the preparatory acts of pārājika and saṃghāvaśeṣa; 4. prāyaścittika, which is minor false speech and minor slander; 5. duṣkṛta, which is the preparatory acts of minor false speech, slander, etc. Why are the great and small called 'false speech', while the rest are called 'precepts of slander'? Answer: Harming the object and falsely accusing a person is slander; what applies broadly to both harm and benefit is false speech.