四分比丘戒本疏 2.64

2.64

四、「道行時」，下至半由旬也。五、「乘船時」者，亦至半由旬也。六、「大眾集時」，夏初夏末禮覲之時，諸方來集，食又難得。檀越施心力辦四人，不能及五，故開也。七、「沙門施食」者，謂外道沙門限施四人，不能及五。護彼意故，亦在開限也。言八者，即施衣二故也。言十四者，准《薩婆多論》第七卷有五種不犯，兼前為十三，并此律有一，合十四也。言五者，一打鍾不遮不犯，若遮僧食犯盜常住，若遮施食犯別眾食。二唱臘喚入不犯。謂檀越欲九十日長請，力不普及，應於初日打磬，唱言六十臘者入。若下至一人入者，餘人悉不犯罪。若無六十臘者，漸減而唱，乃至無人，一沙彌入無犯。若初日不唱者，日日須唱。三者僧次請來不犯。謂同界內二處三處，下至僧次請得一人來共食者，餘人悉不犯。界外僧次亦是無益。四者送食與僧不犯。請及乞處，出一分食送入僧中，行與僧食，一切不犯。五者擬送却取不犯。論云「若不僧次請一人者，應作一分食置上座頭，擬送與僧。僧遠不能送者，應取此食次第行之。」又准此律更有一開，文言「四人若過四人，應分作二部，更互入食。」兼前合十四開也。

Fourth, 'the time of traveling on the road'—down to half a yojana. Fifth, 'the time of boarding a boat'—also down to half a yojana. Sixth, 'the time of the great assembly gathering'—the times of making obeisance at the beginning and end of the summer retreat, when assemblies gather from all directions and food is hard to come by. The dānapati's charitable mind and capacity can only manage four people and cannot reach five; therefore an exemption is granted. Seventh, 'when a śramaṇa gives food'—this refers to when a non-Buddhist śramaṇa limits his giving to four people and cannot reach five. In order to protect his intention, it also falls within the exemptions. As for 'eight', this is because robe-giving has two [forms]. As for 'fourteen', according to the seventh fascicle of the Sarvāstivāda-śāstra, there are five kinds of non-offence; combined with the previous [nine, i.e., seven plus the expansion of robe-giving and another], they make thirteen, and together with the one in this Vinaya, there are fourteen in total. As for the five: 1. If the bell is struck and one does not exclude [others], there is no offence; if one excludes them from Saṃgha food, one commits theft of permanent property; if one excludes them from donated food, one commits [the offence of] eating in a separate group. 2. Calling out by seniority to invite them to enter is not an offence. This refers to when a dānapati wishes to extend a ninety-day invitation but his means are not universally sufficient; on the first day a chime should be struck and it should be proclaimed: 'Let those of sixty rains enter!' If down to even a single person enters, none of the remaining persons commit an offence. If there is no one of sixty rains, one gradually decreases [the number] and proclaims, down to if there is no one, even if one novice enters, there is no offence. If one does not proclaim on the first day, one must proclaim daily. 3. Invitation according to the Saṃgha's roster is not an offence. This refers to two or three places within the same boundary where, if down to a single person is invited according to the Saṃgha's roster to come and eat together, none of the remaining persons commit an offence. Calling from the Saṃgha's roster outside the boundary is also of no benefit. 4. Sending food to the Saṃgha is not an offence. At the place of invitation or begging, one portions out one share of food to send into the Saṃgha and distributes it to the monks to eat; none commit an offence. 5. Intending to send it and taking it back is not an offence. The treatise says: 'If one does not invite a single person by the Saṃgha's roster, one should make one portion of food and place it before the head of the elder, intending to send it to the Saṃgha. If the Saṃgha is distant and cannot be sent to, one should take this food and distribute it in order.' Furthermore, according to this Vinaya, there is one more exemption; the text says: 'If there are four persons or more than four persons, they should divide into two groups and take turns entering to eat.' Combined with the previous ones, this makes a total of fourteen exemptions.