菩薩戒義疏 2.13

2.13

第十、謗三寶戒，亦云謗菩薩法，或云邪見邪說戒。謗是乖背之名，絓是解不稱理，言不審實、異解說者，皆名為謗也。乖己宗故得罪。七眾同犯，大小俱制。大士以化人為任，令邪說斷正故犯重。聲聞異此，三諫不止，犯第三篇。文句同前。此戒備五緣成重：一、是眾生，二、眾生想，三、欲說心，四、正吐說，五、前人領解。一、是眾生，謂上中二境，若菩薩、若聲聞、若外道，向說犯重。二、眾生想，有當、有疑、有僻，如上。三、欲說心者，運意作欲向說之意。四、正說者，發言向他，自對他說，若令他傳說，悉重。五、前人領解，納受邪言，隨語語結重。若作邪說經者，欲令人解，隨彼披覽發解者，隨語語重。邪見推畫，條緒乃多，略有四種：一、上邪見，二、中，三、下，四、雜。上邪見者，撥一切都無因果，如闡提。中邪見者，不言都無因果，但謂三寶不及外道，有兩相：一、法相異，謂三寶不如，此是痤陋之心，計成失戒。二、非法相，知三寶為勝，口說不如，既不翻歸，戒善不失，隨所出言犯重，亦此戒所制。下品邪見，不言三寶不及外道，但於中棄大取小，心中謂二乘勝，大乘不及。若計未成犯輕垢，下自有背大向小，此戒中廣明。雜邪見有四種：一、偏執，二、雜信，三、繫念小乘，四、思義僻謬。偏執有二：一、執大謗小，二、偏謗一部。執大謗小者，計云唯有大乘，都無小乘，非佛所說，此謗聲聞藏犯輕。偏謗一部者，於方等中偏言一部非佛說，若計成犯輕垢，既不頓違經教，犯輕垢，不失戒。二、雜信者，謂心中不背因果及三寶大乘，但言外道鬼神有威力，遂奏章解神，或勸他，悉犯輕垢。三、繫信小乘，知大乘高勝，且欲斷煩惱取小果，後更修大，此名念退，若計成犯輕垢。四、思義僻謬，如即今人義淺三五家釋。此應非罪，是我智力不及，非作意強撥也。復有知義輕輒解，復有知他為是強欲立異，皆邪畫之流，所犯輕垢。

Tenth is the precept against slandering the Three Jewels, also called slandering the bodhisattva Dharma, or called the precept against wrong views and wrong speech. "Slander" is a name for running counter; whenever an understanding does not conform to principle, words are unexamined and untrue, or one expounds with aberrant interpretations, these are all termed "slander." Because it runs counter to one's own lineage, one incurs an offense. Members of the seven assemblies equally commit it, and it is prohibited in both the Mahāyāna and the Hīnayāna. The mahāsattva takes transforming others as their responsibility; causing wrong speech to cut off the correct [Dharma] constitutes a major offense. For the śrāvaka it is different: refusing to cease after three admonitions violates the third category (pāyattika). The words of the text are the same as before. This precept is complete with five conditions to constitute a major offense: first, that it is a sentient being; second, the notion of a sentient being; third, the intention to speak; fourth, the actual uttering; fifth, the other person understands. First, that it is a sentient being: this refers to objects of the upper and middle grades; whether bodhisattvas, śrāvakas, or non-Buddhists, speaking to them constitutes a major offense. Second, the notion of a sentient being: there are accurate, doubtful, and mistaken [notions], as above. Third, the intention to speak means stirring the mind to form the intention of wishing to speak to them. Fourth, actual speaking means voicing words toward the other, whether speaking to the other oneself or having another convey the speech; all are major. Fifth, the other person understands: receiving the wrong words; with each utterance a major [offense] is incurred. If one composes a treatise of wrong speech with the intention of making people understand, as they read it through and give rise to understanding, with each utterance it is major. When wrong views are deduced and schematized, the threads are manifold, but in brief there are four kinds: first, superior wrong views; second, intermediate; third, inferior; fourth, mixed. Superior wrong views mean denying everything, asserting there is neither cause nor effect, like an icchantika. Intermediate wrong views do not say there is no cause and effect whatsoever, but merely claim that the Three Jewels are inferior to non-Buddhists. This has two aspects: first, difference in doctrinal characteristics, meaning that the Three Jewels are inferior; this is a debased mind, and when the notion is completed, the precepts are lost. Second, non-doctrinal characteristics: knowing that the Three Jewels are superior yet verbally asserting they are inferior; since one has not overturned one's refuge, the precept-goodness is not lost, but one incurs a major offense with each word uttered, which is also prohibited by this precept. Inferior wrong views do not say that the Three Jewels are inferior to non-Buddhists, but merely reject the Great [Vehicle] and adopt the Lesser within [Buddhism], thinking in one's mind that the two vehicles are superior and the Mahāyāna is inferior. If the notion is not yet completed, it incurs a minor defilement infraction; below there is explicitly [the precept against] turning one's back on the Great and facing the Lesser, which is explained at length under that precept. Mixed wrong views are of four kinds: first, one-sided clinging; second, mixed faith; third, fixing thoughts on the Hīnayāna; fourth, aberrant misconceptions of meaning. One-sided clinging has two forms: first, clinging to the Great and slandering the Lesser; second, one-sidedly slandering a single text. Clinging to the Great and slandering the Lesser means conceiving that there is only the Mahāyāna and no Hīnayāna whatsoever, and that it is not spoken by the Buddha; this slanders the Śrāvakapiṭaka and incurs a minor [offense]. One-sidedly slandering a single text means singling out one text among the vaipulya [sūtras] and saying it was not spoken by the Buddha; if the notion is completed, it incurs a minor defilement infraction; since it does not completely contradict the scriptural teachings, it incurs a minor defilement infraction and one does not lose the precepts. Second, mixed faith means that in one's mind one does not turn away from cause and effect, the Three Jewels, or the Mahāyāna, but merely asserts that non-Buddhist ghosts and spirits have authoritative power, consequently presenting memorials to appease spirits, or encouraging others to do so; all incur a minor defilement infraction. Third, fixed faith in the Hīnayāna: knowing that the Mahāyāna is lofty and superior, but temporarily wishing to sever afflictions and attain the lesser fruition, intending to cultivate the Great later; this is called retrogressive thought; if the notion is completed, it incurs a minor defilement infraction. Fourth, aberrant misconceptions of meaning: such as the shallow understandings of people nowadays expounded by three or five schools. This should not be an offense, as it is a case where my intellectual capacity falls short, not an intentional, forced denial. Furthermore, there are those who explain flippantly while knowing the meaning to be slight, and those who willfully establish differences while knowing others to be correct; these all belong to the category of aberrant deductions, and what is committed is a minor defilement infraction.