菩薩戒義疏 2.8

2.8

第五、酤酒戒。酤即貨貿之名，酒是所貨之物，所貨乃多種。酒是無明之藥，令人惛迷。大士之體，與人智慧，以無明藥飲人，非菩薩行。《大論》明酒有三十五失，所以制此為菩薩十重中攝也。七眾同犯，大小乘俱制。大小同異者，同不應酤。菩薩以利物故重。聲聞止不應作，犯七聚貨賣，但犯第三篇，是販賣戒所制。菩薩若在婬舍或賣肉，犯輕垢，以招呼引召，不能如酒故也。文句同前。酤者，求利。教人者，令人為我賣酒亦同重，教人自酤罪輕。「酤酒因」下，明成業四句。業者，運手。法者，是酤酒方便。法，用也。因緣者，備五也：一、是眾生，二、眾生想，三、希利貨貿，四、真酒，五、授與前人。眾生謂前三境，上品無醉亂者輕，是醉亂者重。中品境謂人天，正是所制故重。下品四趣，亂道義弱，酤與罪輕。眾生想，有當、有疑、有僻同前，若隔心亦重。希利貨賣亦重，以欲得多集故。真酒者，謂依醉亂人者。藥酒，雖希利貨，不亂人貨無罪。二云待飲時隨人數結重，如小兒來沽，彼竟不飲，於誰結重耶？

The fifth is the precept against selling liquor. 'Selling' is the designation for trading in commodities; 'liquor' is the commodity traded. Traded goods are of many kinds. Liquor is the medicine of ignorance, which plunges people into muddle and delusion. The essence of a mahāsattva is to bestow wisdom upon people; giving people the medicine of ignorance to drink is not the practice of a bodhisattva. The Dàzhìdù lùn explains that liquor has thirty-five faults, which is why this is proscribed and subsumed among the bodhisattva's ten major precepts. The seven assemblies are equally capable of violating it; both the Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna proscribe it. As for the similarities and differences between the Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna: both alike ought not to sell it. For a bodhisattva it is major because it harms beings. The śrāvaka is merely forbidden to do it; in the seven categories of offenses, trading falls under only the third division, being proscribed by the precept against commerce. If a bodhisattva dwells in a brothel or sells meat, it incurs a minor defilement infraction, because beckoning and enticing people cannot compare to liquor. The textual phrases are the same as before. 'Selling' means seeking profit. 'Instructing someone' means having someone sell liquor on one's behalf, which is also a major offense; instructing someone to sell it for themselves is an offense of lesser gravity. From 'causes of selling liquor' onward, four phrases explain the constitution of karma. 'Karma' means moving the hand. 'Method' is the expedient for selling liquor. 'Method' means application. As for 'causes and conditions', five must be fully present: first, it is a sentient being; second, the notion of a sentient being; third, trading with the desire for profit; fourth, genuine liquor; fifth, handing it over to the other person. 'Sentient being' refers to the previous three grades of objects: within the superior grade, selling to those who do not become intoxicated and disordered is of lesser gravity, while selling to those who become intoxicated and disordered is major. The intermediate grade of objects refers to humans and gods; this is precisely what is proscribed, hence it is major. For the inferior grade of the four destinies, their obstruction of the path is slight, so selling to them incurs an offense of lesser gravity. The notion of a sentient being includes correct, doubtful, and mistaken notions, as before; if one has a split intention, it is also major. Trading with the desire for profit is also major, because of the wish to amass much wealth. 'Genuine liquor' refers to that which produces intoxication and disorder in people. As for medicinal wine, even if traded with the desire for profit, trading what does not disorder people incurs no offense. A second interpretation says that one must wait until it is drunk to determine a major offense according to the number of persons; for instance, if a young child comes to buy liquor and never drinks it, upon whom would the major offense be determined?