天台菩薩戒疏 2.35

2.35

第二十九、邪命自活戒。邪法活命，故云邪命，有四種：一、方邪，謂通國使命；二、維邪，謂醫方卜相；三、仰邪，仰觀星宿；四、下邪，謂種植根栽五穀等類。菩薩理應慈心愍物，諸有所作福不唐捐，如何為利邪求兼行惡術，不淨活命，無慈損生，下信心上乖聖旨，所以制犯。別具三緣：一、為利養，二、習惡妓術，三、所為事訖，便犯。就文為三：初標邪命之心，二、「反賣」下列邪命之事，三、「都無」下舉非結犯。初如文。次文初列邪命方法。坐居店肆，眩惑於人，名販賣男女，亦有賣男色與於女也。自手作食者，惡觸非法。自磨自舂者，壞生兼惡觸。此並下邪，隨類淨之，則通自手，避譏謙故。占相等者，占色相聲判釋祿命，因捨正歸邪求官護職，或自染習損壞道儀，或為人解夢說凶噵吉，令其邪倒求神禱鬼，或占胎內是男是女。呪謂呪咀，左道為利損物殯命。術即邪術，符書厭禱禁斷勝緣，或動道俗，並是維邪及仰邪攝，術通星像故。言功巧者，書畫彫剋泥素竹木，緣務妨道故。「調鷹」下，次列惡伎，縫合鷹眼令喫氈毛等，使其調順以擬畋獵。和合百種等毒藥，非一言百，損命害物通得毒名。蛇毒者，取於蛇毒以傷物命。生金銀毒者，藥名也，謂生金銀即是毒也。蠱毒者，世相傳云：取百種虫蛇置一甕中，相食強者即名為蠱。故有猫等不同，並損物命，亦下邪攝。三、結犯，如文。

Twenty-ninth, the precept against wrong livelihood. Sustaining life through improper means is therefore called wrong livelihood. There are four kinds: (1) horizontal wrong livelihood, which refers to running errands and diplomatic missions across states; (2) directional wrong livelihood, which refers to medical prescriptions, divination, and physiognomy; (3) upward wrong livelihood, gazing upward at stars and constellations; (4) downward wrong livelihood, which refers to planting root-cuttings, the five grains, and the like. In principle, a bodhisattva should have a mind of compassion and pity toward beings, so that all actions yield merit that is not in vain. How could one, for the sake of profit, pursue wrongful aims and additionally practice evil arts, sustaining life impurely, lacking compassion, harming living beings, diminishing faith below, and rebelling against the noble intention above? Therefore the violation was instituted. It has three specific conditions: (1) for the sake of gain and offerings, (2) practicing evil arts, and (3) the deed performed being completed; then it is violated. In the text there are three parts: first, it indicates the mind of wrong livelihood; second, from 'On the contrary, selling' below, it lists the matters of wrong livelihood; third, from 'utterly devoid of' below, it points out the wrong and concludes the offense. The first part is as in the text. In the next passage, it first lists the methods of wrong livelihood. Sitting in shops and stores and dazzling people is called trafficking in men and women; it also includes selling male prostitution to women. Making food with one's own hands is bad touch contrary to Dharma. Grinding and husking by oneself harms life and combines with bad touch. These are all downward wrong livelihood; if one purifies them according to category, doing it with one's own hands is permitted, in order to avoid ridicule and maintain modesty. As for divination and the like: discerning fortunes and destinies from physical features and voice, thereby abandoning the correct and reverting to the heterodox to seek official posts and protect offices; or indulging oneself in these habits and damaging the deportment of the Path; or interpreting dreams for people, declaring bad and proclaiming good fortune to make them fall into heterodox inversion and pray to spirits and ghosts; or divining whether a fetus in the womb is male or female. Incantations refer to curses, using sinister arts for profit to harm beings and take life. Occult arts are heterodox arts, using talismans and incantations to suppress, hex, and obstruct superior conditions, or disturbing monastics and laypeople; these are all subsumed under directional wrong livelihood and upward wrong livelihood, since arts extend to stars and constellations. As for crafts: calligraphy, painting, carving, clay modeling, bamboo, and wood—these functional engagements obstruct the Path. From 'training hawks' below, it next lists evil arts: sewing shut the eyes of hawks, making them eat felt and feathers, so as to tame them for hunting. Compounding hundreds of kinds of poisons: 'hundred' is not literal, meaning manifold; anything that destroys life and harms beings is generally termed poison. Snake venom means taking snake venom to injure beings' lives. Raw gold and silver poison is the name of a medicinal poison, meaning unrefined gold and silver that are poisonous. Gudu: worldly tradition says that taking a hundred kinds of insects and snakes and placing them in a single jar, the strongest one that consumes the others is called gu; thus there are varieties like cats and so on, all harming beings' lives, and likewise subsumed under downward wrong livelihood. The third part, concluding the offense, is as in the text.