俱舍論疏 27.16

27.16

論「由此十力至生多少等」，簡二乘等非力攝也。「如舍利子捨求度人」者，昔佛在世時有一人，誓多門首求度出家。舍利子等觀知此人，八萬劫來未種解脫分善，以無出家因緣故捨而不度。其人歎恨求度不捨，後佛來見度令出家，說法獲果。舍利子等怪而請問，佛告彼曰：「我昔過去於那伽羅喝國，共此國人掃灑街衢嚴諸供具，欲請定光如來供養。時求度人入城賣柴，因知此事遂即發願：我更取柴得錢供養。至彼山中遂被虫食，臨欲命終欲稱彼佛名號忘而不憶，乃云『南無城中欲所迎者。』」此即名種順解脫分善。雖昔起善，由時遠故，舍利子等而不觀知。「又不能觀知鷹所逐鴿前後二際生多少等」，如《大智度論》云「佛在祇洹住，晡時經行。是時有鷹逐鴿，鴿飛來佛邊住。佛經行過之影覆鴿身，鴿身安穩，怖畏即除，不復作聲。後舍利弗影到鴿，便作聲戰怖如初。舍利弗白佛言：『佛及我身俱無三毒，以何因緣佛影覆鴿，鴿便無聲不復怖畏。我影覆上，鴿便作聲戰怖如初？』佛言：『汝三毒習氣未盡，以是故汝影覆之怖畏不除。汝觀此鴿宿世因緣，幾世作鴿？』舍利弗即時入宿命智三昧，觀見此鴿從鴿中來，如是一、二、三世，乃至八萬大劫常作鴿身，過是已往不復能見。舍利弗從三昧起，白佛言：『是鴿八萬大劫中常作鴿身，過是已前不能復知。』佛言：『汝若不能盡知過去世，試觀未來世，此鴿何時當脫？』舍利弗即入願智三昧，觀見此鴿一、二、三世，乃至八萬大劫未脫鴿身，過是已往亦不能知。從三昧起，白佛言：『我見此鴿，從一世、二世乃至八萬大劫未脫鴿身，過是已往不復能知。我不知過去、未來齊限，不審此鴿何時當脫？』佛告舍利弗：『此鴿非諸聲聞、緣覺所知齊限，後於恒河沙等大劫中當作鴿身，罪訖得出，輪轉五道後得為人，經五百世中乃得利根。是時有佛度無量阿僧祇眾生，然後入無餘涅槃。遺法在世，是人作五戒優婆塞，從比丘聞讚佛功德，於是初發心願欲作佛，然後於三阿僧祇行六波羅蜜，十地具足得作佛身，度無量眾生已入無餘涅槃。』是時舍利弗向佛懺悔，白佛言：『我於一鴿尚不能知其本末，何況諸法。』」

On the Śāstra's statement, "Due to these ten powers [...] how many births, and so forth": this distinguishes the two vehicles and others as not being subsumed under the powers. Regarding "like Śāriputra rejecting a person seeking deliverance": in the past, when the Buddha was in the world, there was a man at the gate of Jetavana who sought deliverance by going forth. Śāriputra and the others observed and knew that this person had not planted the wholesome roots conducive to liberation for eighty thousand kalpas, and because he lacked the causes and conditions for going forth, they rejected him and would not deliver him. The man sighed with grief and would not give up seeking deliverance. Later, the Buddha came, saw him, and ordained him; preaching the Dharma to him, the man attained the fruits [of the path]. Śāriputra and others wondered at this and questioned the Buddha. The Buddha told them, "In the past, in the country of Nagarahāra, I was sweeping and sprinkling the streets with the people of this country and adorning all manner of offerings, wishing to invite the Tathāgata Dīpaṅkara to receive offerings. At that time, this person seeking deliverance entered the city to sell firewood. Learning of this matter, he immediately made a vow: 'I will collect more firewood to obtain money for offerings.' Going into the mountains, he was eaten by worms. On the verge of death, wishing to recite that Buddha's name, he forgot and could not recall it, and simply said: 'Namo to the one in the city whom they wish to welcome!'" This is called planting wholesome roots conducive to liberation. Although he generated this wholesome root in the past, because of the great distance in time, Śāriputra and the others could not observe or know it. "Furthermore, being unable to observe and know how many births at both limits—past and future—a pigeon pursued by a hawk has, and so forth": as the Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa says: "The Buddha was dwelling in the Jetavana, walking in meditation in the late afternoon. At that time a hawk was chasing a pigeon, and the pigeon flew to the Buddha's side and stayed there. As the Buddha walked past, his shadow covered the pigeon's body; the pigeon's body became tranquil, its terror was immediately dispelled, and it made no further sound. Later, when Śāriputra's shadow reached the pigeon, it began to call out, trembling with fear as before. Śāriputra addressed the Buddha, saying: 'Both the Buddha's body and mine are free of the three poisons. For what reason did the pigeon become silent and no longer afraid when the Buddha's shadow covered it, whereas when my shadow covered it, the pigeon called out and trembled with fear as before?' The Buddha said: 'Your traces of the three poisons have not been extinguished; therefore, when your shadow covers it, its fear is not dispelled. Observe this pigeon's past-life conditions: for how many lives has it been a pigeon?' Śāriputra immediately entered the samādhi of the knowledge of past lives and observed that this pigeon had come from being a pigeon, through one, two, three lives, up to eighty thousand great kalpas, constantly having the body of a pigeon; beyond that, he could see no further. Śāriputra arose from samādhi and addressed the Buddha, saying: 'This pigeon has constantly had the body of a pigeon throughout eighty thousand great kalpas; prior to that, I can no longer know.' The Buddha said: 'If you cannot completely know the past lives, try observing the future lives: when will this pigeon be freed?' Śāriputra then entered the samādhi of the knowledge born of aspiration and observed that this pigeon through one, two, three lives, up to eighty thousand great kalpas, would not be freed from the body of a pigeon; beyond that, he likewise could not know. Arising from samādhi, he addressed the Buddha, saying: 'I see that this pigeon, from one life, two lives, up to eighty thousand great kalpas, will not be freed from the body of a pigeon; beyond that, I can no longer know. I do not know the limits of the past and future, and do not understand when this pigeon will be freed.' The Buddha told Śāriputra: 'This pigeon is beyond the limits knowable by the śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas. Subsequently, throughout great kalpas equal to the sands of the Ganges, it will have the body of a pigeon. When its retributions are finished, it will obtain escape, wandering through the five destinies, and afterwards obtain human form. Passing through five hundred lives, it will then attain sharp faculties. At that time, a Buddha will deliver immeasurable asaṃkhyeyas of sentient beings and then enter parinirvāṇa without remainder. While the remnant Dharma remains in the world, this person will become an upāsaka observing the five precepts, will hear a monk praising the Buddha's virtues, and thereupon will first generate the mind [of bodhi], aspiring to become a Buddha. Afterward, throughout three asaṃkhyeyas, he will practice the six pāramitās, become complete in the ten stages, attain a Buddha body, and having delivered immeasurable sentient beings, enter parinirvāṇa without remainder.' At that time, Śāriputra repented before the Buddha and addressed the Buddha, saying: 'With respect to a single pigeon, I cannot even know its beginning and end, how much less so with all phenomena!'"