俱舍論疏 9.244

9.244

論「如諸離繫至無義苦行」，已下指人法也。離繫者即是露形外道，離衣等繫，故名離繫，此外道受持種種露形拔髮等禁。婆羅門外道，受持手執杖行、披烏鹿皮等。播輸鉢多外道，此云牛主，謂事天主摩醯首羅，天乘牛而行，故云牛主。此外道學彼天法，從彼為名，故名牛主。此外道持受頂上持一髻子，身體塗灰。般利伐羅句伽外道，此云遍出，此是出家外道，此持執三杖行擬護淨，安衣服、瓶、鉢等，并剪鬚髮，無義苦行。等，等取自餘無義五熱灸身等也。外道受此等法，皆名禁也。

The treatise says: "Such as the Nirgranthas ... meaningless austerities." Below, it points out the persons and doctrines. "Nirgranthas" are naked non-Buddhists; because they are free from the bondage of clothing and the like, they are called Nirgrantha ("knot-free"). These non-Buddhists undertake and maintain various observances such as going naked and pulling out their hair. Brahmanical non-Buddhists undertake and maintain practices like holding a staff while walking, wearing crow or deer skins, and the like. "Pāśupata non-Buddhists" is translated here as "Cattle Lords," meaning those who serve the heavenly lord Maheśvara; since this deva rides an ox when moving about, he is called "Cattle Lord." These non-Buddhists practice that deva's doctrine and take their name from him, hence "Cattle Lords." These non-Buddhists undertake wearing a single topknot on their heads and smearing ashes on their bodies. "Parivrājaka non-Buddhists" is translated here as "everywhere-departed"; these are renunciant non-Buddhists who maintain the practice of holding three staffs when walking to guard purity, keeping clothes, bottles, bowls, and the like, as well as trimming their beards and hair—meaningless austerities. "And the rest" includes other meaningless practices such as exposing the body to the five fires. All such doctrines undertaken by non-Buddhists are termed observances.