俱舍論頌疏論本 14.73

14.73

"Prātimokṣa discipline is acquired through instruction by another, and so forth" clarifies the acquisition of prātimokṣa discipline. The words "instruction by another" mean receiving it from a teacher. This has two kinds: first, acquiring it from the saṃgha. Saṃgha is translated here as "community"; monks, nuns, and probationary nuns (śikṣamāṇā) generate precepts by relying on the community, which is called acquiring from the saṃgha. Second, acquiring it based on a pudgala, that is, an individual person. The other five kinds of precepts, such as those of the novice (śrāmaṇera), are not generated from the community, and are called acquiring from a pudgala. The verse says "and so forth" because the masters of the Vibhāṣā explain that there are ten ways of acquiring full ordination (upasampadā); hence "and so forth" is stated. First, through spontaneity: that is, the Buddha and the pratyekabuddhas; spontaneity is knowledge, and because they did not rely on a teacher, upon realizing this knowledge they acquired full ordination. Second, through entry into the certainty of rightness (samyaktvaniyāma): that is, when the five monks including Kauṇḍinya generated the path of seeing, they acquired full ordination. Third, through the Buddha calling, "Come, monk (ehi bhikṣu)." At that time they acquired the precepts, such as Yaśas and others. The *Nyāyānusāra* says: "Due to the power of original vows and the Buddha's spiritual empowerment." Fourth, through faithful acceptance of the Buddha as the Great Master, one acquires full ordination, as in the case of Mahākāśyapa. Fifth, through skillful response: when Sudāyi was only seven years old, the Buddha asked, "Where is your home?" He replied, "In the three realms there is no home." This pleased the Buddha's mind, and though he was not yet twenty, the Buddha permitted him to receive ordination through a formal act of the saṃgha (karmavācanā). Sixth, through respectful acceptance of the eight weighty dharmas (aṣṭagurudharma), as in the case of Mahāprajāpatī. In Sanskrit, she is called Mahāprajāpatī; the Great Brahmā King is called "Lord of Great Progeny" (Mahāprajāpati) because he gives birth to many sentient beings; she was begged from Brahmā, and named after where she was begged from. The Buddha dispatched Ānanda to explain the eight dharmas to her; hearing them, she revered them and immediately acquired the precepts. Seventh, through sending an envoy: that is, the nun Dharmadinnā. Because this nun was beautiful, it was feared there would be dangers on the road, so she did not stay among the saṃgha. The saṃgha dispatched a nun envoy to transmit the Dharma and go confer the precepts on her, and she thereupon acquired the precepts. Because the nun was beautiful, this special exception was granted. Eighth, through a holder of the Vinaya being the fifth person: where the saṃgha is scarce in borderlands, five persons are permitted for ordination, but there must be one holder of the Vinaya to perform the act; hence it is called "the fifth". Ninth, through a community of ten, as in the Central Region. Tenth, through reciting the three refuges in the Buddha, Dharma, and Saṃgha: when the sixty members of the Bhadravargīya assembled together to receive full ordination, the Buddha dispatched Ānanda to proclaim the three refuges for them, and they thereupon acquired the precepts. The prātimokṣa discipline acquired as described above does not necessarily arise based on manifest karma.