俱舍論頌疏論本 8.8

8.8

The third phrase, "are named the desire realm," concludes the above. The receptacles and sentient beings of these five destinies above are collectively named the desire realm. "Twenty" clarifies that there are twenty locations within the desire realm. "Due to distinctions among hells and continents" clarifies the reason for the twenty. Among the five destinies above, due to the distinctions among the hells and the distinctions among the continents, twenty are formed. There are eight hells, called the distinctions among the hells: 1. The Saṃjīva Hell (Reviving Hell), meaning that although those sentient beings suffer various cuttings, stabbings, grindings, and poundings, when they momentarily meet a cool breeze blowing on them, they immediately revive as before; reviving equally to before, it is given the name Saṃjīva. 2. The Kālasūtra Hell (Black Rope Hell), where their limbs are first measured with black cords and then subsequently cut and sawn; hence it is named Kālasūtra. 3. The Saṃghāta Hell (Crushing Hell), where manifold instruments of torment simultaneously press upon their bodies, joining together to destroy one another; hence it is named Saṃghāta. 4. The Raurava Hell (Wailing Hell), where, pressed by manifold torments, various beings cry out in sorrow and emit wailing shrieks of anguish; it is named Raurava. 5. The Mahāraurava Hell (Great Wailing Hell), where, pressed by acute suffering, they emit loud cries, sorrowfully wailing and calling out grievances; hence it is named Mahāraurava. 6. The Tapana Hell (Heating Hell), where fire follows around their bodies, blazing fiercely on all sides, and the torment of heat is unbearable; hence it is named Tapana. 7. The Pratāpana Hell (Intense Heating Hell), where internally and externally, from their own bodies and from others' bodies, raging fire bursts forth, mutually burning and harming them; being the utmost in heat, it is named Pratāpana. 8. The Avīci Hell (Uninterrupted Hell), where they undergo suffering without interval, or where no pleasure intervenes in the suffering; hence it is named Avīci. As for the distinctions among the continents, there are four great continents: 1. South Jambudvīpa: on the southern side of this continent there is a jambu tree; the name of this continent is named either from the grove or from the fruit, hence it is called Jambudvīpa. 2. East Pūrvavideha, named East Superior Body Continent because their bodily form is superior, or their bodies are superior to those of Jambudvīpa. 3. West Aparagodānīya, named Cattle-Market Continent because cattle are used as currency. 4. North Uttarakuru, translated here as "Superior Place" or "Superior Birth," because among the four continents this place is the most supreme, it is named Superior Place, and because birth there is the most supreme, it is named Superior Birth. The hells and continents together make twelve; combined with the six heavens of desire, animals, and hungry ghosts, the places total twenty. As for the realm of sentient beings, from the Paranirmitavaśavartin Heaven down to the Avīci Hell, and as for the receptacle world, down to the wind disc, all are subsumed under the desire realm.