成唯識論述記 2.454

2.454

問曰：如此卷言，「名」詮諸法，但得共相，不得自相；何故今言，「名」詮自性？答曰：此有密意，謂諸法中自相、共相，體非是遍，有是自相非共相，如青色等相；有是共相非自相，如空、無我等。其自性、差別體即遍通，自相、共相皆有自性，自相、共相皆有差別。何以知者？如《因明》云：有法言自性，法是差別，如五蘊中思數，體是自性，有漏、無漏，我、無我是差別。數論師立我是思，即以我為自性，以是有法故；思為差別，以是法故，是我、非我之共相，亦有自性，思之自相亦有差別。今此中言不同於彼，諸法自相非名等詮，唯現量證，名唯詮共相。今言詮自性者，即是共相之自性。自性者，體義；差別者，體上差別義，即自相、共相皆有體性及差別義故。問曰：何故名自相、共相？答曰：法自體唯證智知，言說不及是自相。若法體性言說所及，假智所緣，是為共相。

Question: In this very fascicle it was said that 'names' express dharmas only in terms of their common characteristics (sāmānya-lakṣaṇa), not their individual characteristics (svalakṣaṇa); why then does it say here that 'names' express intrinsic nature (svabhāva)? Answer: This has an intentional meaning (sandhāya). Among dharmas, individual characteristics and common characteristics are not universally pervasive: there are individual characteristics that are not common characteristics, such as the characteristic of the color blue; there are common characteristics that are not individual characteristics, such as emptiness, non-self, and so forth. But intrinsic nature and differentiations are universally pervasive: individual characteristics and common characteristics both have an intrinsic nature, and individual characteristics and common characteristics both have differentiations. How is this known? As stated in Hetuvidyā: The subject (dharmin) is called the intrinsic nature, and the predicate (dharma) is the differentiation. For instance, among the five aggregates, the mental factor of volition (cetanā) has an entity that is the intrinsic nature, while 'with-outflows' or 'without-outflows', 'self' or 'non-self' are differentiations. The Sāṃkhyas assert that the self is consciousness (cetanā); they take the self as the intrinsic nature because it is the subject, and consciousness as the differentiation because it is the predicate. Here, the common characteristic of self or non-self also possesses an intrinsic nature, and the individual characteristic of consciousness also possesses differentiations. Now, what is stated here is not the same as that: the individual characteristics of dharmas cannot be expressed by names and so forth; they are realized only by direct perception (pratyakṣa), whereas names express only common characteristics. When it is said here that they express intrinsic nature, it means the intrinsic nature of the common characteristic. 'Intrinsic nature' means the substance; 'differentiation' means the differentiated meanings upon the substance; thus both individual characteristics and common characteristics have both substantial nature and differentiated meanings. Question: Why are they called individual characteristics and common characteristics? Answer: When the individual entity of a dharma is known only by realizing cognition and speech cannot reach it, that is the individual characteristic. When the entity-nature of a dharma can be reached by speech and is the object of conventional cognition, that is the common characteristic.