成唯識論掌中樞要 2.223

2.223

攝四生死者，《無上經》云：「阿難！一切阿羅漢、辟支佛、十地菩薩為四種障不得如來法身四德波羅蜜。何者為四？一者生緣；二者生因；三者有有；四者無有。何者生緣惑？即是無明住地能生一切行，如無明生業。何者生因惑？是無明住地所生諸行，譬如無明所生諸業。何者有有？緣無明住地，因無明住地所起無漏行。三種意生身生，譬如四取為緣，三有漏業為因，起三種有。何者無有？緣三種意生身，不可覺知微細墮滅。譬如緣三有中生念，念老死」。下文又云：「阿難！於三界中有四種難：一者煩惱；二業難；三者生報難；四者過失難。無明住地所起方便生死，如三界內煩惱難。無明住地所起因緣生死，如三界內業難。無明住地所起有有生死，如三界內生根難。無明住地所起無有生死，如三界內過失難」。有有者，有三界，有異熟體。無有者，無有苦苦等，唯有行苦相，以無漏資生死，亦說為難。

Regarding the subsumption of the four kinds of birth-and-death, the *Anuttara-sūtra* states: "Ānanda! All arhats, pratyekabuddhas, and bodhisattvas of the ten grounds, because of four kinds of hindrances, do not attain the four virtuous pāramitās of the Tathāgata's dharma-kāya. What are the four? The first is the condition of birth; the second is the cause of birth; the third is having existence; the fourth is non-existence. What is the affliction that is the condition of birth? It is the ground of dwelling ignorance, which can generate all formations, just as ignorance generates karma. What is the affliction that is the cause of birth? It is the formations produced by the ground of dwelling ignorance, just as the karma produced by ignorance. What is having existence? Conditioned by the ground of dwelling ignorance, caused by the anāsrava formations arisen from the ground of dwelling ignorance, the three kinds of mind-made bodies are born, just as the four grasping acts serve as conditions and the three sāsrava karmas serve as causes to produce the three realms of existence. What is non-existence? Conditioned by the three kinds of mind-made bodies, there is imperceptible, subtle falling away and cessation, just as conditioned by birth within the three existences there is the moment-to-moment aging and death." A later passage also states: "Ānanda! Within the three realms there are four kinds of difficulties: first, affliction; second, the difficulty of karma; third, the difficulty of retribution of birth; fourth, the difficulty of fault. The birth-and-death of expedient means arisen from the ground of dwelling ignorance is like the difficulty of affliction within the three realms. The birth-and-death of causes and conditions arisen from the ground of dwelling ignorance is like the difficulty of karma within the three realms. The birth-and-death of having existence arisen from the ground of dwelling ignorance is like the difficulty of the faculties of birth within the three realms. The birth-and-death of non-existence arisen from the ground of dwelling ignorance is like the difficulty of fault within the three realms." "Having existence" means having the three realms and having the essence of vipāka. "Non-existence" means having no suffering of suffering and the like, having only the characteristics of the suffering of conditioned existence; since anāsrava sustains birth-and-death, it is also called a difficulty.