因明入正理論疏 1.136

1.136

問：「《理門論》料簡九句云：『於同有及二，在異無是因，返此名相違，所餘皆不定。』謂九句中，唯有法自相一違及五不定，餘四不成，一不定、三相違，何故不攝？」答：「以因親成於宗，所以說其相順。同異成宗疎遠，故但標其順違，由此餘過不攝之盡。上三相中各自為句，及三相對闕，論文雖無次第作處，道理定然，巨細分別更有多種。且以初相三句之中，一句為首，對餘二相作四句者，有是宗法而非遍，非是同品、非定有性。有是同品非定有性，非是宗法而非遍。有是宗法而非遍，亦是同品非定有性。有非宗法而非遍，亦非同品非定有性。如是以初相第一句對第二相四句，有四種四句。復以此句對第三相四句，復有四種四句。如是初相第一句對餘二相四句，有八種四句。以初相餘二句為首對餘二相，各四句亦如是。其初相三句為首對餘有三種八句，總成二十四種四句。以第二相四句對第三相四句，一一各別有四種四句，復成一十六種四句。如是總成四十種四句，有是有非，恐文繁廣，略示而已。」

Question: "The Nyāyamukha, in examining the nine permutations, states: 'Being present in the similar and in both, while absent in the dissimilar, is the reason; the reverse of this is contradictory, and all the rest are inconclusive.' That is to say, among the nine permutations, there is only one contradictory of the property's own nature and five inconclusive [reasons]; why are the remaining four unproven, one inconclusive, and three contradictory not subsumed?" Answer: "Because the reason directly establishes the thesis, it is spoken of in terms of conformity. Similarity and dissimilarity establish the thesis distantly, so one merely indicates their conformity and contrariety; hence, the remaining faults are not exhaustively subsumed by them. In the three characteristics above, each forms permutations by itself, and the three are opposed to each other in terms of deficiency; although in the text of the treatise there is no place where they are constructed in sequential order, the principle is definitively so, and in detailed distinctions there are many more varieties. For example, taking one permutation among the three permutations of the first characteristic as primary and opposing it to the remaining two characteristics to form four permutations: (1) it is a property of the subject of the thesis but not pervading, and it is not a similar instance and not definitively existent; (2) it is a similar instance and not definitively existent, and it is not a property of the subject of the thesis and not pervading; (3) it is a property of the subject of the thesis and not pervading, and it is also a similar instance and not definitively existent; (4) it is not a property of the subject of the thesis and not pervading, and it is also not a similar instance and not definitively existent. In this way, opposing the first permutation of the first characteristic to the four permutations of the second characteristic yields four kinds of four permutations. Opposing this permutation again to the four permutations of the third characteristic again yields four kinds of four permutations. Thus, opposing the first permutation of the first characteristic to the four permutations of the other two characteristics yields eight kinds of four permutations. Taking the other two permutations of the first characteristic as primary and opposing them to the other two characteristics, their four permutations are also like this. With the three permutations of the first characteristic as primary opposed to the others, there are three sets of eight permutations, making twenty-four kinds of four permutations in total. Opposing the four permutations of the second characteristic to the four permutations of the third characteristic, each individually yields four kinds of four permutations, further making sixteen kinds of four permutations. In this way, there are forty kinds of four permutations in total; having positive and negative alternatives, for fear of excessive prolixity, I merely indicate them in brief."