因明入正理論疏 1.157

1.157

述曰：顯因所成。等者，等取空、無我等。此上二因不但能成宗無常法，亦能成立空、無我等，隨其所應，非取一切。若所作因，亦能成立言所陳苦等，及無常宗意所許苦等一切法者，此因便有不定等過。謂立量云：聲亦是苦，所作性故，以無漏法而為異品，所作性因於其異品一分上轉，應為不定。言：此所成聲，為如於瓶，所作性故，體是其苦？為如自宗道諦等法，所作性故，體非是苦？此既正因，無不定過，故此言等隨其所應。故《瑜伽》說同異喻云：「少分相似及不相似，不說一切皆相似、一切皆不相似。不爾，一切便無異品。因狹若能成立狹法，其因亦能成立寬法，同品之上雖因不遍，於異品中定遍是無故。因寬若能成立寬法，此必不能定成狹法，於異品有不定過等隨此生故。」是故於此應設劬勞也。

The Commentary states: Showing what is established by the reason. 'And the like' includes emptiness, non-self, and so forth. These two reasons above not only establish the thesis's property of impermanence, but can also establish emptiness, non-self, and so forth, as appropriate, not taking everything. If the reason of being produced could also establish suffering and the like as stated in words, as well as all properties such as suffering and the like intended in the impermanent thesis, this reason would have errors such as being inconclusive (anaikāntika). That is, stating the proof: 'Sound is also suffering, because of being produced'—taking undefiled dharmas as the heterologous class, the reason of being produced operates upon a portion of that heterologous class, and would be inconclusive. One would ask: 'Is this established sound, because of being produced, suffering in essence like a pot? Or is it, like the dharmas of the truth of the path in one's own school, non-suffering in essence because of being produced?' Since this is a valid reason, it has no error of being inconclusive; therefore, this word 'and the like' applies as appropriate. Therefore the Yogācārabhūmi says regarding homologous and heterologous examples: 'Somewhat similar and dissimilar; it does not say entirely similar or entirely dissimilar. Otherwise, all would lack a heterologous class. If a narrower reason can establish a narrower property, that reason can also establish a broader property, because although the reason does not pervade upon the homologous class, it is definitely and pervasively absent in the heterologous class. If a broader reason can establish a broader property, this necessarily cannot definitely establish a narrower property, because inconclusive errors and the like arise accordingly upon the heterologous class.' For this reason, one should apply diligent effort here.