大乘義章 10.5

10.5

第二門中別明所歸三寶境界。三寶義中，三門分別：一釋其名、二辨體相、三明次第。先釋其名。所言佛者，外國正音名為佛陀，此云覺者。覺行成人，故名覺者。又人有覺，亦名覺者。覺有兩義：一覺察名覺、二覺悟名覺。言覺察者，對煩惱障。煩惱侵害，事等如賊，唯聖覺知，不為其害。其猶世人覺知有賊，賊無能為。彼亦如是，故名為覺。言覺悟者，對於智障。無明昏寢，事等如睡，唯聖獨悟，不為覆障。如睡得寤，故名為覺。所對無明，有其二種：一迷理無明，對除彼故，覺法實性，故名為覺。二迷事無明，對除彼故，覺知一切善惡無記三聚之法，故名為覺。《地持論》中同此後義。所言法者，外國正音名為達摩，亦名曇無，本是一音，傳之別耳，此翻名法。法義不同，汎釋有二：一自體名法。如《成實》說，所謂一切善惡無記三聚法等。二軌則名法，辨彰行儀能為心軌，故名為法。今三寶中所論法者，軌則名法。所言僧者，外國正音名曰僧伽，此方翻譯名和合眾，行德不乖名之為和，和者非一目之為眾。此之三種何故名寶？世間瓊瑤人之所珍，此之三種世所尊重，如世珍奇，是故就喻說之為寶。《寶性論》中釋有六義，喻之如寶。一希有義，如世寶物，貧窮之人所不能得。三寶如是，薄福眾生有千萬世不能值遇，故名為寶。二離垢義，如世真寶體無瑕穢。三寶如是，絕離諸漏，故名為寶。三勢力義，如世珍寶，除貧去毒有大勢力。三寶如是，具不可思議六神通力，故說為寶。四莊嚴義。如世珍寶，能嚴身首，令身殊好。三寶如是，能嚴行人清淨法身，故說為寶。五最勝義。如世寶璧，諸物中勝。三寶如是，一切世中最為殊勝，故名為寶。六不改義。如世真金，燒打磨等不能變改。三寶如是，不為世間八法所改，故名為寶。名義如是（此二門竟）。

In the second section, we specifically clarify the domain of the Three Jewels as the objects of refuge. In the meaning of the Three Jewels, there is a three-section distinction: first, explaining their names; second, discerning their essences and characteristics; third, clarifying their sequence. First, explaining their names. Regarding what is called "Buddha": the correct phonetic pronunciation of foreign countries is "Buddha," which is translated here as "Awakened One." One whose practice of awakening has reached perfection is therefore called the Awakened One. Furthermore, because the person possesses awakening, he is also called the Awakened One. Awakening has two meanings: first, awakening through detection is called awakening; second, awakening through enlightenment is called awakening. What is called "awakening through detection" is in contrast to the affliction hindrance. The harm caused by afflictions is equivalent to that of thieves; only a sage detects and knows them, and is not harmed by them. It is just as when worldly people detect and know there is a thief, the thief can do nothing. That is also like this; hence it is called awakening. What is called "awakening through enlightenment" is in contrast to the cognitive hindrance. The torpor of ignorance is equivalent to sleep; only a sage alone awakens, and is not obstructed by it. Just as one awakens from sleep, it is therefore called awakening. The ignorance that is confronted is of two kinds: first, the ignorance of delusion regarding principles—because it counteracts and eliminates that, awakening to the true nature of dharmas is therefore called awakening; second, the ignorance of delusion regarding phenomena—because it counteracts and eliminates that, awakening to and knowing all dharmas of the three aggregates of good, evil, and indeterminate is therefore called awakening. The Bodhisattvabhūmi-śāstra accords with this latter meaning. Regarding what is called "Dharma": the correct phonetic pronunciation of foreign countries is "Dharma," also rendered as "Tanwu"; they are originally the same sound, transmitted differently, and translated here as "Dharma." The meanings of "dharma" are diverse; generally explained, there are two: first, an intrinsic essence is called a dharma—as explained in the Tattvasiddhi, namely, all dharmas of the three aggregates of good, evil, and indeterminate, and so forth; second, a norm or rule is called a dharma—discerning and manifesting standards of conduct that can serve as a rule for the mind, it is therefore called a dharma. Now, what is discussed as Dharma among the Three Jewels is that a norm is called a dharma. Regarding what is called "Saṅgha": the correct phonetic pronunciation of foreign countries is "Saṅgha," translated into this land as "harmonious assembly." Practices and virtues that do not conflict are called "harmony"; those in harmony being not one is designated an "assembly." Why are these three called "Jewels"? In the world, fine jades are treasured by people; these three are revered by the world just like worldly rarities, and are therefore spoken of metaphorically as jewels. In the Ratnagotravibhāga, six meanings are explained to allegorize them to jewels: 1. The meaning of rarity: just like worldly jewels, impoverished people cannot obtain them. The Three Jewels are like this: sentient beings with meager merit cannot encounter them for thousands of myriad lifetimes; hence they are called jewels. 2. The meaning of freedom from defilement: just as the essence of a genuine worldly jewel is free of flaws and impurities. The Three Jewels are like this: they are completely free from all taints; hence they are called jewels. 3. The meaning of power: just as worldly precious jewels have great power to eradicate poverty and dispel poison. The Three Jewels are like this: they are endowed with the inconceivable power of the six supernormal knowledges; hence they are spoken of as jewels. 4. The meaning of adornment: just as worldly precious jewels can adorn the body and head, making the body uniquely pleasing. The Three Jewels are like this: they can adorn the practitioner's pure dharmakāya; hence they are spoken of as jewels. 5. The meaning of supreme excellence: just as a worldly precious gem is the finest among all things. The Three Jewels are like this: they are the most supreme in all worlds; hence they are called jewels. 6. The meaning of unchangeability: just as worldly genuine gold cannot be changed by burning, beating, polishing, and so forth. The Three Jewels are like this: they are not changed by the eight worldly dharmas; hence they are called jewels. Such are the names and meanings (this completes the two sections).