大乘義章 11.97

11.97

第一釋名。言四攝者，化他行也。化行不同，一門說四。四名是何？一布施攝、二愛語攝、三利行攝、四同利攝。言布施者，以己財事分布與他，名之為布；輟己惠人，目之為施。因其布施緣物從道，名布施攝。問曰：此與檀度何別？釋言：體一，隨心分異。異相如何？直爾與財說為檀度，因施授道名布施攝。此《地持》中名隨攝方便，彼說愛語以為正攝，布施順彼故名隨攝。愛語攝者，美辭可翫令他愛樂，名為愛語。因其愛言，緣物從道，名愛語攝。此《地持》中名攝方便，以此愛語正授善法，名攝方便。利行攝者，經中亦名利益攝也。勸物起修名為利行，以道潤彼故云利益，因利緣物名利行攝。此《地持》中名度方便，勸修可行度離生死，故名為度。同利攝者，名字不定，或名同事、或云同行、或稱同利。通釋是一。於中別分，同事最下。菩薩為化，先同眾生苦樂等事，名為同事。同行為次，菩薩為化，亦與眾生同修諸善，名為同行。同利最上，化物成德來同菩薩，名為同利。因同緣物，名同利攝。此《地持》中名隨順方便，巧隨眾生聞修所行，故名隨順。名義如是（此一門竟）。

First, explaining the names. The 'four means of embracing' are the practices of converting others. Practices of conversion are diverse; one doctrine speaks of four. What are the four names? First, embracing through giving; second, embracing through affectionate speech; third, embracing through beneficial action; fourth, embracing through shared benefit. Speaking of 'giving' (dāna): distributing one's own wealth and goods to others is called 'giving widely'; relinquishing one's own to bestow on others is called 'gifting'. Because of giving, one conditions beings to follow the path; this is called embracing through giving. Question: How does this differ from the pāramitā of giving (dāna-pāramitā)? Answer: Their essence is one, but they are distinguished according to the mind. What is the difference in characteristic? Simply giving wealth is spoken of as the pāramitā of giving; conferring the path by means of giving is called embracing through giving. In the *Bodhisattvabhūmi*, this is named the 'expedient of secondary embracing'; that [text] regards affectionate speech as primary embracing, and giving accords with it, so it is called secondary embracing. 'Embracing through affectionate speech': pleasant phrases that are delightful, causing others to love and enjoy them, is called affectionate speech. By means of affectionate words, conditioning beings to follow the path is called embracing through affectionate speech. In the *Bodhisattvabhūmi*, this is named the 'expedient of embracing'; because one directly imparts wholesome dharmas through this affectionate speech, it is called the expedient of embracing. 'Embracing through beneficial action': in the sūtras it is also called embracing through benefit. Exhorting beings to generate practice is called beneficial action; moistening them with the path is called benefit; conditioning beings through benefit is called embracing through beneficial action. In the *Bodhisattvabhūmi*, this is named the 'expedient of deliverance'; exhorting practice that can be undertaken to deliver them away from saṃsāra is therefore called deliverance. 'Embracing through shared benefit': the name is not fixed; it is sometimes called shared activity, sometimes shared practice, and sometimes termed shared benefit. In broad interpretation they are one. Differentiated within this, shared activity is the lowest: for the sake of conversion, the bodhisattva first shares the suffering, joy, and other matters of sentient beings; this is called shared activity. Shared practice is intermediate: for the sake of conversion, the bodhisattva also cultivates all good deeds together with sentient beings; this is called shared practice. Shared benefit is supreme: converting beings and perfecting their virtues so that they come to equal the bodhisattva is called shared benefit. Conditioning beings through sharing is called embracing through shared benefit. In the *Bodhisattvabhūmi*, this is named the 'expedient of conformity'; adroitly conforming to what sentient beings hear, cultivate, and practice, it is therefore called conformity. The names and meanings are like this. (This concludes the first section.)